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LIPPINC0TT3  GEOGRAPHICAL  gERIES 


A 


PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY 


ON  THE  EASIb.  OF  TIIE 


OBJECT  METHOD  OF  INSTRUCTION 


: 


By  FORBYCE  A.  ALLEN 


PHIL  AT)  ILPUTA 

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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

Education 

GIFT  OF 

Isabella  Shinn 


, 


LIPPINCOTT'S  GEOGRAPHICAL  SERIES 


PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY 


ON  THE  BASIS  OF  THE 


OBJECT  METHOD  OF  INSTRUCTION 


ILLUSTRATED  WITH 


NUMEROUS    ENGRAVINGS    ANJ3    PICTORIAL    MAPS 


By  FORDYCE  A.  ALLEN 

PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  CHESTER  COUNTY  NORMAL  SCHOOL,  VEST  CHESTER,  PA. 


Third  Edition,  Revised  to  agree  with  the  Census  of  1860, 


PHILADELPHIA 

J.   B.   LIPPINOOTT  &   CO. 

1863. 


CONTENTS. 


TEXT  AND  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE 

Suggestions  to  Teachers 4 

The  Five  Senses , 7 

The  Seasons:  Spring  and  Summer 8 

Do.  Autumn  and  Winter 9 

Familiar  Vegetation 10 

Domestic  Animals 11 


People 

A  Ramble  : 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
A  Journey 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 


12 


Bodies  of  Water 13 

Portions  of  Land,  and  Points  of  the 

Compass 14 

Distances,  and  Portions  of  Land 15 

Villages  and  Cities 16 

Railroads 17 

Bridges  and  Canals * 18 

Mills,  Factories,  and  Iron  Furnaces...  19 

Mining  and  Lumbering 20 

Ranges   of   Mountains,  Tunnel,  and 

Steamboats 21 

Waterfall,  Steamboat,  Rainbow,  Lake, 

Island  and  Shore 22 


PICTORIAL  MAPS  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  TEXT. 

MO 

Journey  Reviewed  :  Maps,  States,  and  Capitals...  23 

New  England 24 

The  Middle  States,  Maryland,  and  Virginia 26 

The  Southern  States,  Tennessee,  and  Arkansas 28 

The    Western    States,    excepting    Tennessee    and 

Arkansas 30 

The  Pacific  States,  Texas,  Kansas,  and  the  Territories  32 

The  United  States 34 

North  America 36 

South  America 38 

The  Earth 40 

Europe 42 

Asia 44 

Africa 46 

Oceania 48 


Animals  and  Plants 50 


Review  and  Address 56 


Education 


GIFT 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1862,  by  J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  &  CO., 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


PRINTIO  BY  urflNOOTT  I  OO. 


G  \25 


PREFACE. 


The  preparation  of  the  following  pages  involved  a  consideration  of  the  learner's  mental  capacity,  of 
the  means  of  developing  ■  his  understanding  and  reasoning  power,  and  of  the  manner  of  using  those 
means.  The  task  was  undertaken  with  a  knowledge  of  its  difficulties.  It  has  been  completed  with  a 
degree  only  of  satisfaction.  But  I  have  endeavored  to  follow  the  teachings  of  nature  and  the  dictates 
of  philosophy  by  the  light  of  experience. 

With  lively  perceptive  faculties  and  active  inquisitiveness,  the  young  learner  naturally  commences  to 
study  by  observing  the  simple  things  which  attract  his  attention.  He  begins  to  study  Geography  by 
viewing  the  landscape, — its  waters,  its  trees,  its  rocks,  or  its  hills,  the  animals  that  enliven  or  the 
structures  that  adorn  it.  The  interest  excited  and  sustained  proves  that  this  kind  of  exercise  is  what 
the  infant  mind  craves  as  pleasure  and  needs  as  nutriment. 

Natural  objects,  the  most  effective  means  of  imparting  knowledge,  are  peculiarly  adapted  for  the 
illustration  of  Geography.  They  speak  a  various  language.  To  the  child  they  exhibit  the  beauties  of 
color  and  form,  their  sizes  and  easily-seen  operations.  To  others  they  speak  of  their  complexity  and 
of  their  manifold  uses.  They  are  indices  of  the  conditions  under  which  they  exist,  or  of  the  phenomena 
which  attended  their  creation. 

Truthful  pictures  are  the  nearest  representatives  of,  objects.  They  have  been  employed  in  this  work 
to  represent  the  configuration  of  the  Earth's  surface ;  to  associate  with  each  country  its  most  important 
inhabitants ;  to  exhibit  the  chief  occupations  of  the  people,  and  the  more  important  products,  of  the 
United  States ;  and  to  illustrate  the  adaptation  of  animals  to  their  localities,  and  the  climates  of  differ- 
ent regions  of  the  globe. 

By  their  aid  I  commenced  with  the  pupil  himself, — surveyed  his  common  surroundings, — rambled  and 
journeyed  with  him  from  place  to  place,  from  State  to  State,  from  continent  to  continent,  viewing  note- 
worthy objects,  speaking  of  their  uses,  .mentioning  leading  facts  about  seas,  lakes,  rivers,  mountains, 
animals,  and  plants,  in  language  to  interest  and  in  a  manner  to  incite. 

I  have  endeavored  to  lead  gently,  and  to  instruct  carefully, — to  unfold  the  subject  as  the  pupil 
increased  in  power  of  comprehension. 

f       083  3 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  TEACHERS. 


When  the  first  edition  of  the  Primary  Geography  was  published,  it  was 
believed  that  the  "  Suggestions  to  Teachers"  were  sufficiently  complete  for  all 
practical  purposes.  But  the  many  demands  upon  the  author  for  a  more 
extended  and  definite  method  of  conducting  recitations,  have  induced  him  to 
embrace  the  opportunity  offered  in  publishing  the  second  edition,  to  enlarge 
upon  these  suggestions,  and  at  the  same  time  present  several  features  not 
contained  in  the  first;  also  to  introduce  more  fully  the  object  method  of 
instruction. 

These  suggestions  are  for  those  only  who  feel  that  they  need  them.  Each 
lesson  is  here  taken  up,  and  materials  furnished  to  the  teacher  to  aid  him  in 
conducting  the  recitation.    Hints  only  can  be  given  in  this  limited  space. 

Do  not  require  pupils  to  commit  the  words  of  the  lessons.  Teach  them  how 
to  obtain  the  ideas  contained  in  them.  When  called  upon  to  recite,  let  them 
state  the  facts  learned,  using  their  own  language.  Each  pupil  should  partici- 
pate in  the  exercise.  After  the  pupils  have  exhausted  their  store  of  inform- 
ation, it  then  devolves  upon  the  teacher  to  clothe  the  facts  thus  given,  and 
impart  vitality  to  them.*  To  do  this  to  advantage,  the  teacher  should  read 
the  lesson  to  the  class,  commenting  and  questioning  as  opportunity  presents. 
Bear  in  mind  that  this  book  is  a  text-book.  The  discourses  and  sermons  are 
to  be  made  by  the  teacher  from  the  texts  here  given.  The  pictorial  illus- 
trations and  suggestions  are  notes,  or  topics  upon  which  to  comment. 

A  very  excellent  teacher  is  now  teaching  from  this  book  with  a  string  tied 
around  the  leaves  of  the  part  not  studied,  thus  preventing  pupils  from  seeing 
the  pictures  before  they  come  to  them  for  study.  It  is  a  capital  plan  with  all 
books  containing  pictures. 

Wherever  a  word  occurs  in  the  lesson  that  is  not  readily  understood,  break 
it  up  by  defining  and  explaining  it.  Question  the  class  until  the  ideas  in  the 
lessons  are  brought  out. — Call  especial  attention  to  each  picture. — Let  the 
pupils  question  each  other.  Get  them  to  talking,  then  you  will  get  at  their 
thoughts. 

Introductory  Lesson. — Show  to  the  class  that  this  is  a  beautiful  world. 
Point  to  out-door  scenes. — Every  such  scene  a  real  picturo ; — the  best  land- 
scape-pictures are  imitations  only  of  nature. — Seeing.  Many  persons  blind 
all  their  days, — read  with  their  fingers, — other  senses  more  acute, — tell  differ- 
ent colors  by  touching, — blind  schools  called  Blind  Asylums.  Telescope 
used  to  see  a  great  distance, — tele,  distant,  scope,  a  view.  Microscope  used 
to  see  small  things, — micro,  small,  scope,  a  view.  Glass,  transparent, — we 
see  things  through  it.  Paper  windows  let  in  light,  but  objects  cannot  be 
seen  through  them, — they  are  translucent.  Window-shutters  are  opaque. 
Define  opaque.  Show  substances  illustrating  these  words,  as  alum,  glass, 
stone,  wood,  etc.  Hearing. — If  born  deaf,  then  dumb.  Some  persons  deaf, 
dumb,  and  blind.  Laura  Bridgeman,  of  Connecticut,  was  so ;  yet  she  could 
read,  write,  sew,  and  play  the  piano.  Relate  some  of  her  history.  (See 
Barnard's  Journal  of  Education.)  Tasting.  Taste  in  the  mouth, — induces 
us  to  chew  the  food  more, — tastes  better  and  is  better.  Smelling. — Tobacco, 
snuff,  and  liquors  injure  these  senses. 
Lesson  2. — From  one  birthday  to  another  is  a  year, — a  day,  from  sunrise  to 
sunrise  again,  or  twenty-four  hours.  Clocks  and  watches  measure  time, — 
noon-marks  and  sundials  used  before  these  were  made.  King  Alfred  of 
England,  years  ago,  measured  hours  by  burning  candles  that  were  notched. 
— Spring, — grass,  etc.,  springs  from  the  ground, — buds  and  flowers  spring 
from  trees  and  herbs.  Autumn,  sometimes  called  Fall, — leaves,  fruit,  and 
grain  fall,  when  ripe.  Define  odor,  enliven,  and  rustles.  All  bees  not  honey- 
bees. 
Lesson  3. — Squirrels,  mice,  rats,  and  many  other  animals,  store  food  in 
autumn  for  winter's  use.  Birds  fly  off  to  warm  countries  before  winter 
begins.  Come  back  in  the  spring.  Robins  are  among  the  first  to  come. 
Snow-birds  stay  with  us.  How  do  they  live  ?  Birds  of  different  kinds  build 
different  nests.  All  robins'  nests  built  in  the  same  manner, — so  with  other 
birds.  In  cold  countries  some  animals  clothed  with  fur, — in  warm,  with 
hair.  Finest-wooled  sheep  found  in  cold  countries.  Explain  general  effects 
of  sun's  heat. — Small   vials  filled  with  different  kinds  of  grain,  such  as 


wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  corn,  buckwheat,  grass  and  clover  seed,  would 
create  much  interest.  The  stalks  with  full  ears  should  be  shown.  Thresh- 
ing-process illustrated.  Vegetation  means  vegetables  and  plants  generally. 
Trees  and  land  rest  during  winter. 

Lesson  4. — The  fruit  of  trees  is  the  seed.  All  trees  have  seeds.  Sugar  is 
made  from  the  sap  of  maple-trees.  When  the  sap  in  spring  goes  from  the 
roots  to  the  top,  the  trees  are  tapped  and  spouts  inserted,  and  buckets 
placed  under  the  spouts.  From  a  bucket  of  sap  a  pound  of  sugar  can  be 
made.  Explain  how  seeds,  when  planted,  grow, — roots  run  down,  sprouts 
up, — roots  take  nourishment  from  the  ground,  sprouts  and  leaves  from  the 
air.    Tumblers  of  water  containing  cotton  with  different  seed  and  grain 

•     growing  upon  it,  will  show  this  very  nicely. 

Lesson  5. — All  animals  useful, — even  flies  and  mosquitos.  Flies  eat  decaying 
matter;  mosquitos  breed  in  impure  water, — become  wigglers  first  and 
feed  upon  the  impurities  in  the  water,  then  change  to  mosquitos.  Tortoise, 
pronounced  tor'tis.  Snakes  are  serpents.  Some  poisonous,  but  most  of 
them  harmless.  Tell  how  leather  is  made.  Wool  is  an  animal  product — 
cotton,  a  vegetable.  Eggs,  how  hatched, — warmth  only  needed, — eggs 
hatched  in  ovens  sometimes, — three  weeks  for  hens'  eggs  to  hatch, — turkeys 
and  geese,  longer, — small  birds,  a  shorter  time. 

Lesson  6. — The  greatest  difference  seen  in  men,  is  color.  If  educated  alike, 
and  live  in  the  same  country,  color  would  be  the  chief  difference.  Indians 
and  negroes  have  no  schools, — are  ignorant;  Chinese  and  Malays  have  a 
few,  but  poor  schools, — are  ignorant  and  weak.  Outer  skin  of  all  people 
the  same  color. — Coloring-matter  under  the  skin.  Tail  of  hair  is  braided 
and  called  a  queue,  pronounced  hew.  Exhibit  vials  of  spice,  pepper,  cloves, 
nutmegs,  and  cinnamon.    Japanese  were  in  this  country  in  1860. 

Lesson  7. — Difference  between  learn  and  teach.  Rivulet,  a  small  river.  Boy 
sailing  boat, — different  kinds  of  boats.  Define  machinery.  Water  very 
useful.  Suited  to  all, — has  no  color,  or  taste,  except  its  own, — "it  tastes 
like  water," — quenches  thirst,  when  wo  are  thirsty,  better  than  any  thing 
else.  Explain  how  ships  can  sail  against  the  wind.  Superiority  of  steam- 
vessels. 

Lesson  8. — Gold,  silver,  iron,  and  coal,  found  in  mountains. — Mountains  indi- 
cate where  these  metals  may  be  found.  Ho-ri'zon.  Have  the  class  rise  and 
face  the  north, — turn  to  the  south,  east,  and  west.  Practise  this  often. 
Send  pupils  to  the  east,  west,  north,  and  south  sides  of  the  school-room. 
Direction  of  each  pupil's  home  from  the  school-house. 

Lesson  9. — Villages,  in  some  places,  are  called  towns.  A  town  is  less  than  a 
city  and  more  than  a  village ;  a  village  is  larger  than  a  hamlet.  Township, 
—corporation  or  district  of  a  town.  Tavern,  inn,  and  hotel, — not  exactly 
the  same.  In  this  country,  a  hotel  is  a  higher  order  of  public  house  than  a  . 
tavern  and  inn.  In  England,  hotels  lodge  people;  inns  receive  them  to 
lodge  and  feed  ;  taverns,  feed  only.  Manufacture, — manus,  hand,  factum,  to 
make.  Things  made  by  hand,  or  by  the  aid  of  machinery,  are  manufactures. 
Rivers  fix  the  location  of  cities.  Buying  and  selling,  or  exchanging  articles, 
enable  men  to  follow  different  pursuits.  One  man  raises  grain,  another 
cattle,  another  makes  shoes,  another  cloth,  etc  One  man's  surplus  is 
exchanged  for  that  of  another. 

Lesson  10. — Explain  supported.  Tell  the  difference  between  pillars  and 
pillows.  Show  upon  the  board  the  length  of  a  foot,  inch,  yard,  etc.  Have 
a  yard-stick,  or  measure,  in  the  room.  Measure  the  height  of  some  of  the 
class.  Let  the  class  measure  different  things  in  the  room  and  playground. 
A  rod  is  five  and  a  half  yards, — number  of  rods  in  a  mile.  Let  the  class 
measure,  by  means  of  a  rope  measure,  the  distance  from  home  to  the 
school.    Rugged,  rough,  uneven.    Exhibit  a  piece  of  lava  (lah'vah). 

Lesson  11.— We  learn  more  by  seeing  things  than  by  hearing  about  them. 
We  have  every  thing  to  learn.  Children  know  nothing  that  they  have 
not  learned.  They  have  to  learn  to  eat.  Chickens  and  ducks,  as  well  as  all 
others  of  the  brute  creation,  come  into  the  world  knowing  how  and  what 
to  do,  to  live.  Chickens  eat  on  the  day  they  are  hatched,  and  know  the  call 
of  the  mother-hen.    Very  young  ducks  will  go  into  the  water ;  chickens 


SUGGESTIONS   TO   TEACHERS. 


will  not.  Explain  tho  difference  in  their  feet.  Children,  when  old  enough, 
can  reason;  brutes  never  can.  Brutes  have  instinct.  Explain  the  difference 
between  reason  and  instinct.  Brutes,  guided  by  instinct,  make  no  mistakes, 
— man,  although  guided  by  reason,  makes  mistakes;  brutes  make  no  im- 
provements, man  does. — First  railroad  made  in  England, — cars  drawn  by 
horses.  First  railroad  in  this  country  made  in  Massachusetts,  in  1827, — 
only  three  miles  long.  Second  one,  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1S28, — nine  miles 
long.  Locomotives  first  used  in  this  country  in  1S29.  Define  locomotive., 
extending,  and  improvements. 

Lessor  12. — Explain  why  we  pay  faro  in  cars,  boats,  and  stages.  Steam 
takes  tho  place  of  horses  in  drawing  cars;  it  is  force,  or  power, — this  power 
seen  in  tho  raising  of  the  lid  of  the  tea-kettle  in  boiling  water.  Water  in 
canals  taken  from  ponds,  lakes,  or  rivers.  Several  years  ago,  much  travel- 
ing was  done  on  canal-boats.  These  boats  were  fixed  up  as  nice  as  a  house, 
with  kitchen,  dining-room,  parlor,  and  sleeping-rooms.  The  rate  of  travel, 
slow ;  but  they  went  all  night. 

Lesson  13. — A  small  paddle-wheel,  made  by  inserting  pieces  of  thick  paper 
in  a  stick,  will  be  of  uso  in  this  lesson.  A  bent  pin  put  Into  the  end  will 
illustrate  tho  operations  of  tho  pitman,  or  how  tho  motion  and  power  of 
tho  wheel  are  communicated  to  the  saw,  in  saw-mills.  A  little  pains  taken 
at  this  point  will  make  children  fully  acquainted  with  the  manner  of  con- 
necting machinery  with  power.  Explain  the  difference  between  natural 
and  artificial  things, — show  the  difference  by  exhibiting  objects.  Mention  a 
great  many,  and  let  the  class  decide  which  are  natural  and  which  artificial 
objects. — Tolling  grain  at  the  mill,  when  grinding, — what  for?  Taking 
toll  for  traveling  on  some  roads  and  over  some  bridges, — why?  Woolen 
and  cotton  mills  are  generally  called  factories.  Exhibit  a  piece  of  iron-ore ; 
also  a  piece  of  mill  or  buhr-stone,  used  in  grinding  grain.  Talk  about 
furnaces.  From  the  ore,  pig-iron  is  first  made, — then  melted  and  made 
into  bars,  etc. 

Lesson  14. — Pieces  of  coal  of  different  kinds,  including  charcoal,  should  be 
exhibited.  Explain  the  kinds  of  coal.  Charcoal,  how  made? — used  for 
what?  Coal  and  iron,  as  well  as  other  minerals,  generally  found  in  hills  or 
mountains.    It  takes  a  great  heat  to  melt  iron;  lead  melts  more  readily, — 

.  so  do  some  other  metals.  Iron  the  most  valuable  of  all  metals.  Explain 
how  rafts  are  built, — boards  laid  across  each  other  in  platfon.  s, — each  plat- 
form is  as  long  aud  wide  as  a  hoard  is  long, — from  eighteen  to  twenty  boards 
iii  tl'  U-ue«,— many  pjatfMii«i  joined,  f<mn  a  raft.  These  rafts  are  kept  in 
tlio  middle  of  the  stream  by  means  of  oars  on  the  ends  of  the  rafts, — these 
oars  are  worked  by  men,  called  raftsmen.  Rafts  are  generally  run  during 
the  high  water  of  spring  and  fall. 

Lesson  15. — Explain  the  use  of  mountains, — affect  the  climate.  They  give 
rise  to,  and  nourish,  rivers, — their  summits  take  moisture  from  the  clouds, 
—often  covered  with  snow  perpetually, — water  the  valleys,  and  fertilize  tho 
plains. — Cars  go  slowly  through  tunnels.  Define  cinders,  dingy.  Large 
quantities  of  lumber  are  run  down  the  Alleghany  into  the  Ohio.  Explain 
about  wharves, — how  built,  and  for  what  purpose.  Pittsburg  called  the 
"  Iron  City." 

Lesson  1C. — Thousands  of  people  visit  tho  Falls  every  year.  So  high,  that,  if 
you  stood  at  the  foot  of  them,  you  could  not  throw  a  stone  to  the  top.  An 
island  is  in  the  middle  of  the  falls, — a  monument  on  it; — see  in  the  picture. 
Several  persons  have  been  carried  over  the  falls  and  drowned.  The  water 
very  rapid  above, — a  bridge  from  the  shore  to  the  island,  some  distance 
above  the  falls.  Tho  little  steamboat  below  the  falls  has  been  run  down 
the  river, — none  there  now. — The  snn  shining  through  drops  of  water,  or 
round  or  square  pieces  of  glass,  exhibits  tho  colors  of  the  rainbow,  viz. : 
violet,  indigo,  blue,  green,  yellow,  orange,  and  red.  Rainbows  seen  when  it 
rains  and  the  sun  shines.  To  see  a  rainbow,  our  backs  must  be  toward  the 
sun.     Why  ? 

Lesson  17. — Let  tho  pupil  draw  this  map  upon  the  board.  Teach  him  how 
to  draw  the  outlines  of  the  State  in  which  he  lives.  Make  a  sketch  of  tho 
school-yard  or  play-ground,— then  of  the  town,  village,  or  city,  locating 
houses,  etc.,  as  well  as  roads.  Tell  the  class  about  the  Governor, — how 
elected,  how  often,  how  much  salary.  Capitol,  the  building  in  which  the 
laws  are  made.  Capital,  the  city  or  town  in  which  the  building  is  located. 
Question  about  his  own  State.  Exercise  the  class  on  the  points  of  compass 
on  the  map,  as  well  as  in  the  school-yard.  Define  boundaries.  States  are 
divided  into  counties, — counties  into  townships, — township*  into  towns, 
villages,  boroughs,  and  cities.  Townships,  counties,  and  States  join  each 
other,  just  as  one  man's  farm  joins  another. 
4S=-  Lesson  17   closes  our  journey  with  the  pupil.    Nearly  all  the  defi- 


nitions needed  in  Primary  Geography  have  been  given.  They  havo  been 
given  only  when  needed,  and  where,  by  their  relation  to  the  text,  they  could 
be  readily  comprehended  and  applied.  Others  will  be  given  as  needed,  and 
only  where  they  can  be  used.  Frequent  reviews  of  definitions  would  be 
profitable.  Wherever  they  occur,  they  are  printed  in  what  printers  call 
"small  caps."  The  mauner  of  presenting  the  subject  in  the  following  lessons 
will  be  somewhat  different,  though  not  beyond  the  capabilities  of  the  child 
who  has  successfully  studied  the  preceding.  The  teacher  will  need  to  explain 
more,  and  fill  up  and  enliven  the  facts  given.  Pupils  somewhat  advanced 
could  commence  at  this  point  of  the  work,  and  study  it  through  with  profit. 
Before,  however,  entering  upon  the  next  lesson  with  a  class  of  beginners, 
the  teacher  should  sketch  upon  the  board  a  map  of  the  school-room,  locating 
the  stove,  desks,  benches,  etc.;  also  a  plan  of  the  play-grounds, — then  of  tho 
town  or  village, — then  of  the  township,  county,  and  State, — locating  in  each 
case  as  many  known  and  prominent  objects  as  possible.  Two  or  three  lessons 
could  bo  given  in  this  way  with  advantage.  Teach  the  geography  of  the 
country  immediately  surrounding  you, — points  of  compass, — hills, — streams, 
etc.  Namo  tho  townships  lying  north,  east,  south,  and  west  of  the  one  you 
are  in ;  also  tho  adjoining  counties.  Let  these  be  represented  on  the  black- 
board sketches.  Teach  the  pupils  to  draw  these  outlines.  Commend  every 
effort  they  make,  however  poor,  if  it  has  been  a  real  effort.  In  this  way  they 
become  encouraged,  and  will  succeed. 

Lesson  18. — Call  special  attention  to  the  outlines  of  this  map,  the  boundaries 
of  each  State,  the  rivers,  lakes,  ocean,  mountains,  capitals,  etc.  The  pic- 
tures upon  the  maps  indicate  the  leading  pursuits,  or  distinguishing 
features,  of  each  State  and  country. — These  States  called  New  England, 
because  tho  first  settlers  came  from  Old  England.  Short  descriptions  of 
the  most  of  the  plants  and  animals  represented  on  the  maps  may  be  found 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  book.  These  had  better  be  embraced  in  each  of 
the  lessons  as  they  occur.  Explain  the  difference  between  public  and 
private  schools.  Talk  to  the  class  much  about  commerce.  Rivers,  lakes, 
and  oceans  very  essential  to  commerce.  States  without  these  have  very 
little  commerce.  Why  ? 
Lesson  19. — The  abbreviation  of  the  name  of  each  State  and  Territory  is 
given.  These  can  be  used  at  the  discretion  of  the  teacher.  Tho  most  of 
the  lumbering  done  is  among  pine  forests,  where  the  trees  grow  large. 
Ver  signifies  green, — mont,  mountain.  People  living  among  mountains  are 
hardy,  bold,  and  courageous.  During  the  Revolutionary  War,  the  soldiers 
from  Vermont  were  called  "  Green  Mountain  Boys." 
Lesson  20. — Massachusetts  named  after  the  bay, — it  is  an  Indian  name.  The 
Pilgrims  landed  in  this  State  in  the  middle  of  winter,  amid  snow  and  ice, — 
trees  covered  the  land, — no  settlements  except  the  Indians'.  One  ship,  the 
Mayflower,  brought  them  across  the  ocean,— only  ono  hundred  of  them. 
Describe  the  manner  of  catching  codfish  and  mackerel;  also  how  they  are 
dressed  and  put  np  (see  Encyclopedia).  Talk  a  great  deal  about  exports. 
Connecticut,  an  Indian  name.  Rhode  Island  named  after  an  island 
near  it. 
Lesson  21. — Ilave  these  outlines  thoroughly  noted  and  understood.  Exercise 
the  class  in  boundaries  witltout  tho  map.  The  three  large  lakes  on  the 
N.W.  part  of  the  map  empty  into  the  ocean  through  the  St.  Lawrence 
River.  Large  vessels  and  steamers  go  from  the  ocean  up  this  river  into 
Lako  Ontario.  The  Falls  of  Niagara,  on  Niagara  River,  prevent  these  ves- 
sels and  steamers  from  going  into  Lake  Erie.  Not  many  years  ago,  a  large 
ship-canal  was  dug  from  Ontario  to  Erie.  Now  vessels  and  steamers  pass 
from  the  ocean  into  Erie  and  the  other  lakes.  Large  tribes  of  Indians 
formerly  lived  around  these  lakes.  The  names  of  the  lakes  are  taken 
from  the  Indian  language.  A  few  hundred  Indians  now  live  on  the  shores 
of  Ontario,  in  New  York,  and  a  few  hundred  of  another  tribo  live  on  the 
Allegany  River  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  They  have  some  fine 
houses  and  farms;  also  churches  and  meeting-houses.  There  are  eleven 
rivers  with  names  given;  also  five  mountains  with  names.  New  Jersey 
is  separated  from  Pennsylvania  by  the  Delaware  River. 
Lesson  22. — New  York  is  the  great  commercial  State.  She  has  great  lakes 
and  rivers,  and  large  canals.  Through  these  channels  boats  are  con- 
stantly going,  carrying  the  produce  and  manufactured  articles  of  one  sec- 
tion to  exchange  for  those  of  another.  This  is  commerce.  Talk  much 
about  commercial  trade.  Railroads  facilitate  commerce.  Explain  how, 
and  why  some  people  follow  one  kind  of  business,  while  others  follow 
another.  Show  how  it  would  be  if  all  men  were  merchants,  or  shoemakers, 
or  farmers.— Hudson  River  discovered  by  Henry  Hudson. — If  convenient, 
show  pieces  of  bituminous,  anthracite,  cannel,  and  char  coal.    Speak  of 


SUGGESTIONS   TO   TEACHERS. 


their  difference.  Wood  for  fuel  was  in  old  time  called  coal,— char-coal  is 
charred  wood.  Oil-wells, — some  spout  oil  to  the  height  of  eighty  feet 
when  first  bored;  others  are  pumped.    Long  Island  belongs  to  New  York. 

Lesson  23. — New  Jersey  has  a  railroad  connecting  Philadelphia  and  New 
York  Cities.  Delaware  has-  large  powder-mills.  Powder-mills  often  ex- 
plode, or  burst.  Thousands  of  cans  of  oysters  are  put  up  in  Baltimore. 
Hundreds  of  men  are  engaged  every  day  through  the  oyster-season  in 
shelling  them.  Virginia  named  after  Queen  Elizabeth.«tMaryland,  Hen- 
rietta Maria,  a  queen  also.  Pennsylvania  named  after  William  Penn. 
Sylva  means  woods.  The  State  was  called  "Penn's  Woods."  Delaware 
an  Indian  name. 

Lesson  24. — Talk  about  the  Rebellion — its  causes — the  destruction  of  life  and 
property  in  consequence  of  it.  Slaves.  Explain  how  mgar  is  made  from 
the  cane. — Call  attention  to  the  pictures  on  the  map.  there  are  two  capes 
to  be  found,  and  twelve  rivers  with  names ;  there  are  also  thirteen  towns 
noted  on  the  map.  Lot  these  be  found,  and  described,  by  telling  their 
situation,  in  what  State,  etc.  Steamships  can  go  without  sails  and  against 
the  wind.  Speak  of  the  blockade  and  its  effects  upon  the  people.  Tell 
why  it  was  necessary.  When  people  do  wrong,  their  privileges  are  taken 
from  them.  • 

Lesson  25.— Tell  how  pitch  is  obtained,  and  how  tar  and  turpentine  are  made. 
— Cotton  and  rice,  how  cultivated,  and  by  whom. — Sweet  potatoes,  how 
differ  from  others.  They  grow  only  in  warm  countrfes  and  sandy  soil. 
Examine  the  descriptions  of  animals  and  plants  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
book. 

Lesson  26. — Talk  about  live-stock,  apid  what  is  meant  by  stock.  What  is 
meant  by  commercial  advantagflM^tfalk  of  prairies :  they  are  natural 
meadows.  Mules, — how  differ  fro^Hforses, — stouter,  hardier,  need  less  care 
and  attention,  keeping  costs  less. 

Lesson  27. — The  boundaries  and  capitals  on  each  of  these  maps  will  con- 
stitute review-lessons.  When  the  three  lessons  on  each  page  are  learned, 
then  review  the  map  for  the  fourth  lesson.  "Not  how  much,  but  how 
well,"  should  be  impressed  upon  every  teacher's  mind.  There  are  seven 
lakes  named  on  this  map,  and  one  bay;  also  one  strait,  ten  rivers,  and 
eleven  towns,  or  cities.  When  these  are  found,  let  the  pupils  write  their 
names  on  the  blackboard.  When  this  is  done,  let  some  one  of  the  class 
point  to  each  name,  calling  upon  any  one  to  tell  what  it  is, — whether  lake, 
river,  bay,  town, — and  where  it  is. 

Lesson  28. — Wine  made  from  the  juice  of  grapes.  Copper  and  lead,  for  what 
used.    Iron  most  valuable. 

Lesson  29. — Hemp  grows  like  oats.  The  stalks  laid  in  water  to  rot,  then 
taken  and  dried,  then  broken  up  under  a  hrake — the  shives  or  husks  of  the 
stalk  are  then  hatcheled  off  the  fibres — the  fibre  constitutes  the  thread. 
Mammoth  Cave  has  a  river  running  through  it — fish  in  it  having  no  eyes — 
could  not  see  if  they  had,  as  it  is  dark — do  not  need  them— nothing  made  in 
vain. 

Lesson  30. — See  description  of  grizzly  bear  and  goat,  p.  52;  also  bison,  or 
buffalo,  p.  50.  Talk  about  Indians; — have  been  badly  treated — once  owned 
this  country — only  a  few  left.  This  is  the  region  of  country  called  the 
"  Far  West."  Many  tribes  of  Indians  inhabit  it.  The  mountains  are  very 
high,  and  extend  in  chains  from  north  to  south.  Many  of  the  peaks  are 
covered  with  snow  the  whole  year.  There  are  ten  rivers  named ;  also  two 
lakes,  one  gulf,  one  ocean,  two  mountain-chains,  two  mountain-peaks,  and 
five  towns. 

Lesson  31.— The  gold-mines  of  California; — when  discovered — caused  the 
State  to  be  settled  very  rapidly— gold  not  so  useful  as  iron.  Talk  about 
the  Mormons,— Salt  Lake,  etc.— Joseph  Smith  killed— have  great  temples. 

Lesson  32.— In  this  lesson,  the  relative  position  of  the  States  and  Territories 
should  be  fixed  upon  the  mind.  Two,  three,  or  even  more  lessons  may  be 
given  on  this  map.  Extemporize  a  lesson  on  the  District  of  Columbia  and 
what  is  done  there — Congress— who  goes  there  ?— who  from  your  district  ? 
—who  President?— when  elected?— when  a  new  one?  — This  map  is  given 
merely  to  show  the  relative  position  of  the  States,— how  they  are  connected. 
Reviews  of  boundaries  and  capitals  can  here  he  given,  at  the  discretion  of 
the  teacher.  If  the  location  of  each  State  has  been  well  learned  in  pre- 
vious lessons,  this  review  will  be  not  only  useful,  but  interesting. 

Lesson  33. — Much  talk  may  be  given  "with  profit  on  this  lesson.    Speak  of 


the  early  settlers — their  trials  and  hardships.  The  picture  is  an  historical 
one,  showing  the  Atlantic  on  one  side,  and  the  Pacific  on  the  other — the 
Indians,  and  the  landing  of  the  whites.  Much  of  history  should  be  given 
in  this  lesson. 

Lesson  34. — Let  the  class  define  plain,  lake,  river,  waterfall,  and  volcano. 
Popocatepetl  {pop-o-cah'tc-petl).  Say  nothing  of  the  poles  of  the  earth  in 
this  book.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  in  going  north  we  find  colder  weather, 
and  in  going  south,  warmer, — so  far  as  North  America  is  concerned.  Ex- 
plain whale-fishing.  Whalebone  no  part  of  the  bones  of  a  whale,  but  an 
elastic  or  horny  substance  found  in  the  upper  jaw  of  the  whale. 

Lesson  35. — The  finest  and  richest  furs  are  found  in  the  coldest  countries. 
All  animals  are  clothed  to  suit  their  place  of  living.  Explain  icebergs. 
Tell  how  people  live  in  these  cold  countries.  Iceland,  the  land  of  ice. 
Boiling  springs,  near  volcanoes.  Newfoundland  (NW fund-land).  Mexican 
War,  speak  of  it.    Exhibit  coffee — tell  how  it  grows. 

Lesson  36.-^-T»  animals  and  plants  on  the  map  of  South  America  will  re- 
quire some  lifflKime,  as  well  as  close  attention.  Tupungato  (to-poon-gah'to). 
Llama  (la'ifian).— Ter-ra  del  Fu-e'go.  Terra  means  land;  del,  of;  Fuego,fire. 
Magellan,  the  great  navigator,  discovered  it  in  1520.  He  named  it  "  Land  of 
Eire,"  from  the  fires  he  saw  on  the  coast  during  the  night,  supposed  to  be 
volcanic.  The  Anfcon  River  at  its  mouth  is  about  as  wide  as  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania  is  frijm^oorth  to  south.  There  are  four  capes  on  this  map, 
two  chains  of  mornuains,  three  rivers,  three  towns,  and  two  peaks,  one  of 
which — Chimborazo-=-is  a  volcano.  Some  two  years  since,  a  terrible  earth- 
quake happened  near  where  the  picture  is.  Some  12,000  inhabitants  were 
destroyed. 

Lesson  37. — Describe  the  effects  of  earthquakes.  Tell  how  wild  cattle  are 
caught.    Terra  del  Fuego— land  of  fire.    Talk  of  diamonds. 

Lessons  38  and  39. — Say  nothing  about  the  earth's  rotundity.  It  is  not 
essential  now.  Pupils  can  comprehend  it  only  as  a  vast  plain.  Have  the 
different  countries  and  bodies  of  water  fixed  iu  the  mind  of  each  pupil. 
Talk  of  Columbus  and  his  voyage.  Several  map-lessons  should  be  given 
at  this  point.  It  took  Columbus  about  seventy  days  to  sail  across  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  Now  steamships  cross  in  about  ten  days.  Nearly  three- 
quarteis  of  the  earth's  surface  is  water.  All  tho  oceans  join  each  other, 
forming  one  great  body  of  water,  or  ocean.  All  the  rivers  run  into  the 
ocean  or  into  inland  seas.  On  page  12  is  the  lesson  on  "People."  The 
teacher  can  now  show  where  each  of  lieso  people  live — or  their  native 
country:  Indians  in  North  and  South  America;  Negroes  in  Africa  .rid 
many  of  the  islands  of  the  ocean ;  Chinese  and  Japanese  in  Asia  and  tho 
islands  adjoining  it. 

Lessons  40  and  41. — Slight  oral  descriptions  of  these  countries  may  be  given 
here  with  profit.  Speak  of  the  great  armies  and  navies.  Call  attention  to 
iron-clad  boats  in  our  country — the  Monitor  and  the  Merrimac.  Speak  of 
the  great  manufacturing  cities;  splendid  palaces;  rich  and  poor  people; 
bays  aid  commerce;  great  extent  of  coast.  There  are  three  cities  marked 
on  this  map,  six  rivers  with  names,  three  mountain-chains,  six  seas,  one 
ocean,  and  several  islands.    Africa  and  Asia  join  Europe. 

Lessons  42  and  43.— Himalayas  (him-a-lay'as).  Speak  of  the  great  use  of  the 
camel.  Our  tea  comes  from  Asia.  Upon  this  map  ten  seas  are  named;  also 
one  gulf  and  one  bay,  two  chains  of  mountains,  six  rivers,  two  capes,  and 
three  islands.  Speak  of  the  "Great  Wall."  It  is  1500  miles  long,  took 
several  millions  of  men  to  build  it,  and  ten  years  of  time.  It  is  about 
twenty  or  twenty-five  feet  high,  and  so  wide  that  six  men  on  horseback 
can  ride  abreast  upon  it.    This  Great  Wall  was  built  as  a  defence. 

Lessons  44  and  45.— Relate  the  story  of  Moses— Joseph  in  Egypt— crossing 
the  Red  Sea — drowning  of  Pharaoh  and  his  host.  Two  seas,  two  oceans, 
four  mountain-chains,  and  two  rivers  named  on  the  map;  also  one  island, 
five  capes,  and  one  isthmus.  On  the  western  coast,  near  Cape  A'erd,  mis- 
sionary stations,  or  towns,  have  been  located,  and  a  few  white  people  and 
educated  negroes  have  erected  buildings  for  worship,  and  have  established 
schools.    They  also  print  a  newspaper. 

Lessons  46  and  47.— Exhibit  a  piece  of  coral.  See  Gazetteer  for  interesting 
description  of  this  country,  for  oral  exercise.  When  these  lessons  are 
finished,  the  pages  of  Animals  and  Plants  will  have  been  pretty  well 
learned.  Review  these,  and  then  review  the  book.  Twice  through  is 
enougli. 


Note.— Teachers  will  find  in  the  text  very  many  answers  for  which  they  can  readily  make  questions;  so  that  those  who  have  been  accustomed  to  the 
"question  and  answer"  method  may  apply  that  mode  to  this  book,  if  they  prefer  it,  or  while  practising  and  becoming  more  familiar  with  the  oral  method. 
The  Address  should  be  read  to  the  class  when  the  pupils  have  mastered  the  book,  the  map  of  the  Earth  being  used  to  illustrate  it  in  part. 


We  live  in  a  beautiful  world!  We« 
see  the  blue  sky,  the  clear  waters,  and 
the  green  trees.  We  smell  the  fragrant 
flowers  and  scentef  ^hrubs.  We  hear 
the  joyous  songs  of  birds,  the  charming 
sounds  of  music,  and  the  voices  of  those 
we  love.  We  taste  delicious  fruits  and 
wholesome  food.  We  feel  the  chilling 
snows,  the  passing  winds,  and  the  warm- 
ing fires. 

Seeing,  smelling,  hearing,  tasting,  and 
feeling  are  our  five  senses.  Nearly 
all  our  knowledge  and  pleasures  come 
through  these  senses. 

We  learn  most  through  sight;  and 
this  book,  with  its  pretty  pictures  and 
easy  lessons,  has  been  made  to  please 
and  instruct  us. 


•:* 


LESSON  II. — MONTHS  AND  SEASONS. 


SPRING. 


■■■■■  ^p^r^V^  ^ 
SUMMER. 


A  year  is  a  certain  period  of  time :  the  child  who  reads  this  book  may  be 
ten  years  old.  It  usually  means  the  time  from  a  certain  day  in  one  winter  to  a 
certain  day  in  the  winter  following. 

The  year  begins  with  the  first  day  of  January,  and  has  -three  hundred 
and  sixty-five  and  one-quarter  days.  These  days  are  divided  into  twelve 
months  of  about  thirty  days  each.  These  months  are  January,  February, 
March,  "Ap^ivlayr  June,  July,  August,  September,  October,  November,  and 
December. 

There  are*  four  Seasons'  of  the  year, — Spring,  Summer,  Autumn,  and 
Winter.  March,  April,  and  May  form  Spring.  June,  July,  and  August  form 
Summer.  September,  October,  and  November  form  Autumn.  December,  January, 
and  February  form  Winter. 

The  land  during  these  Seasons  has  many  different  and  beautiful  appear- 
ances. In  Spring  the  trees  put  forth  their  buds  and  flowers.  Fruit-trees 
blossom  and  fill  the  air  with  sweet  odors.  Birds  come  from  warm  countries 
far  South  of  us,  and  enliven  the  air  with  their  joyous  songs.  The  farmer 
plows  the  ground,  sows  grain,  and  plants  corn  and  potatoes. 

In  Summer  the  trees  are  covered  with  green  leaves,  the  corn  is  in  full 
growth  and  rustles  in  the  breeze,  cattle  feed  upon  the  fresh  grass,  the  birds 
rear  their  tender  young,  the  farmer  washes  and  shears  his  sheep,  the  little 
lambs  skip  joyfully  over  the  hills,  and  the  bee  lays  up  its  store  of  honey  for  use 
when  the  flowers  are  gone. 


LESSON   III. SEASONS,  continued. 


AUTUMN.  WINTER. 

In  Autumn,  many  kinds  of  fruit  and  grain  ripen,  and,  with  other  products 
of  the  farm,  are  gathered  into  houses  and  barns  for  the  use  of  man  and  beast 
during  the  coming  Winter. 

The  young  birds  have  grown  strong,  and  some  are  flying  toward  the  South. 
The  young  lambs  have  grown  large,  and  the  sheep  which  were  sheared  are 
again  covered  with  a  growth  of  wool,  to  protect  them  from  the  cold  and  snows 
of  winter.  The  leaves  fall  from  the  trees,  withered  and  dead,  enriching  the 
ground  upon  which  they  decay. 

In  Winter,  man  and  beast  feed  upon  the  food  which  has^  been  gathered 
during  Summer  and  Autumn.  The  domestic  animals,  warm  and  well-fed,  look 
out  from  their  barns  and  sheds  upon  the  falling  snows.  Snow  falls  and 
enriches  the  ground,  while  protecting  it  from  severe  cold.  Some  wild  animals, 
covered  with  thick  coats  of  fur,  seek  their  dens.  The  frogs  bury  themselves 
in  the  mud  and  go  to  sleep.  The  squirrels  feed  upon  the  nuts  which  they  have 
taken  from  the  forest- trees ;  and  the  honey-bees  eat  the  sweets  which  they 
have  gathered  from  many  flowers. 

The  farmer  thinks  of  the  year  which  has  passed,  and  thanks  God  for  his 
great  goodness.  The  young  enjoy  the  cold  air  and  storms  of  snow.  The  old 
remember  their  youth,  and  say  they  are  now  in  the  winter  of  life.  Their  gray 
hairs  are  the  frosts  of  age,  and  their  tottering  steps  show  the  decay  of  strength. 

Oh,  be  kind  to  the  aged !  Once  young  and  strong,  but  now  infirm,  soon 
they  will  pass  to  the  grave. 


10 


EESSOIST   IV. VEGETABLES. 


If  we  were  standing  upon  a  hill,  a  small  elevation  of  land,  on  a  bright  sum- 
mer morning,  we  might  see  around  us  large  fields  of  growing  grain  and  grass. 

We  should  see  trees  growing  in  the  fields  and  along  the  roads.  Trees 
upon  which  apples,  peaches,  pears,  plums,  and  nuts  grow  are  called  fruit  trees. 
Those  which  do  not  bear  fruit,  when  standing  by  the  road-side  and  about  our 
houses,  are  called  shade  trees  :  in  summer  we  love  to  sit  or  play  in  their  shade. 

The  fields  we  see  around  us  were  once  covered  with  a  great  number  of 
trees,  forming  a  wood  or  forest.  The  forest  has  been  cut  down  and  the  land 
cleared.  Boards,  timbers,  and  shingles  are  made  from  trees,  and  are  used  in 
building  houses  and  for  other  purposes. 

In  the  spring  of  the  year  the  farmer  plants  the  cleared  land  with  corn  and 
potatoes,  and  sows  grain,  such  as  wheat,  oats,  rye,  and  barley.  Every  thing 
growing  from  the  ground  is  a  vegetable.  Corn,  potatoes,  grain,  gi'ass,  and 
trees  are  all  vegetables.  Vegetables,  however,  usually  mean  cabbages,  pota- 
toes, beets,  turnips,  and  similar  articles  used  as  food. 

Grass  is  cut  down  in  summer  and  dried  in  the  sunshine.  It  is  then  called 
hay,  upon  which  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep  are  fed.  Grain  and  fruits,  and  other 
things  grown  upon  farms,  are  gathered  or  harvested  in  summer  and  autumn. 


Trees  shelter  the  ground  and  increase  its  warmth  and  fertility.  The  rose  and  similar  plants  are  called  shrubs. 
Fruits,  grains,  and  grasses  supply  man  and  beast  with  most  of  their  food.  The  Indians  grew  corn  when  white  people 
first  came  to  this  country  ;  but  wheat  was  brought  here.  Oil  is  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  some  plants.  A  delicious 
drink  is  made  from  the  roasted  seeds  of  coffee.     Wine  is  made  from  the  juice  of  grapes. 


LESSON  V\ ANIMALS. 


11 


Every  thing  that  walks,  or  creeps,  or  runs,  or  flies,  or  swims,  or  eats,  is 
called  an  Animal.  There  are  a  great  many  animals  in  the  world.  Some  are 
called  domestic  animals,  because  they  are  tame  and  live  about  our  homes. 
Others  are  wild,  and  live  in  the  fields  and  woods  and  waters. 

All  feathered  animals  are  called  Birds  or  Fowls.  Oxen,  cows,  and  calves, 
are  called  Cattle.  Horses,  sheep,  and  all  other  animals  having  four  legs  and 
feet,  are  called  Quadrupeds.  The  Tortoise,  Lizard,  Serpent,  and  Frog  are  called 
Keptiles,  because  they  creep  along  on  their  bellies  or  on  very  short  legs  and 
feet.     Hogs  and  pigs  are  called  Swine. 

Domestic  animals  are  of  great  value  to  us.  Some  are  killed  to  furnish 
us  with  meat  to  eat.  Leather  for  boots  and  shoes  is  made  from  the  skins  of 
some  animals. 

Sheep  are  sheared  every  spring.  Cloth  is  made  from  their  wool.  Cows 
supply  us  with  milk,  from  which  butter  and  cheese  are  made.  Horses  and 
oxen  draw  loads,  and  are  called  beasts  of  burden.  The  horse  is  the  noblest 
domestic  animal.     The  domestic  fowls  furnish  us  with  eggs  and  feathers. 


Animals  having  two  feet  are  bipeds.  The  flesh  of  cows  or  oxen  is  called  beef.  The  flesh  of  calves  is  called 
veal.  The  flesh  of  swine  is  called  pork.  The  flesh  of  sheep  is  called  mutton.  We  obtain  furs,  oil,  and  ivory  from 
the  wild  animals.  Reptiles  lay  eggs,  but  do  not  hatch  and  nurture  their  young  as  do  the  fowls.  The  ox  is  the 
most  valuable  animal.  It  was  tamed  after  the  sheep,  but  long  before  the  horse  or  the  dog.  The  horse,  in  a  wild 
state,  lives  in  vast  herds,  which  sometimes  dash  over  the  country  very  swiftly.  The  smaller  feathers  of  geese  are 
used  for  the  filling  of  beds;  and  the  larger  ones,  called  quills,  are  used  for  writing-pens.  Vast  deposits  of  the  eggs 
of  wild  fowls  have  been  found  in  many  places. 


12 


LESSON  VI. PEOPLE. 


Having  learned  about  vegetables  and  animals  in  the  last  two  lessons,  let 
us  learn  about  Man,  who  is  also  an  animal.  Man  is  the  only  animal  having 
reason,  which  enables  him  to  know  right  from  wrong,  and  to  know  about  God. 

Men,  women,  and  children  are  called  People.  There  are  many  different 
kinds  of  people.  Some  are  nearly  white.  White  people  have  the  greatest 
amount  of  knowledge,  and  are  the  most  powerful. 

Others  are  nearly  yellow,  and  shave  the  hair  from  their  heads,  leaving 
only  a  long  tail  of  hair  hanging  from  the  back  part.  The  Chinese  and  the 
Japanese  are  of  this  kind  of  people. 

Others  are  black,  and  have  woolly  hair.  They  are  called  Negroes,  and  are 
often  employed  as  servants. 

Others  are  nearly  red,  or  copper-colored.  They  are  wild,  and  live  in  rude 
huts  made  of  brush  and  skins.  They  live  in  the  woods,  many  miles  west  from 
us,  or  toward  the  place  where  the  sun  sets.  They  are  called  Indians,  and, 
when  white  people  first  came  to  this  country,  lived  where  we  now  live.  They 
generally  feed  upon  wild  animals  and  fish. 

There  is  another  kind  of  people,  who  live  far,  far  away,  in  lands  where  the 
fragrant  spice-trees  grow.  They  have  coarse  black  hair  and  brown  skins. 
They  live  near  water,  upon  which  they  spend  much  of  their  time  in  boats. 
Some  of  their  houses  are  built  over  the  water.  Some  of  their  boats  are  ele- 
gantly made.  These  people  are  called  Malays.  They  gather  most  of  the  spices 
that  we  use  in  food.     The  Malays  rarely  come  to  this  country. 


LESSON  VII. A.  EAMBLE. 


13 


How  much  there  is  for  us  to  learn !  In  the  view  from  the  hill-top,  of 
which  we  spoke  in  a  former  lesson,  we  could  see  only  a  very  small  part  of  all 
the  land.  Let  us  take  a  ramble  over  the  land,  and  notice  the  objects  that 
meet  our  view.     Look  at  the  above  picture. 

Here  is  a  Spring,  a  place  where  water  comes  out  of  the  ground.  The 
water  from  this  spring  runs  along  in  a  small  stream  called  a  Rivulet.  Several 
rivulets  united  form  a  larger  stream,  called  a  Brook.  A  stream  of  water  flow- 
ing down  a  steep  place  forms  a  Waterfall. 

Here  is  a  Pond,  a  small  body  of  water  surrounded  by  land.  Boys  are 
sailing  little  boats  and  ships  upon  it.  At  the  Outlet  of  the  pond,  the  place 
where  the  water  runs  from  it,  a  boy  has  placed  a  wheel  so  that  the  running 
water  strikes  it  and  turns  it  around.  How  pleased  the  little  fellow  appears! 
He  thinks,  no  doubt,  that  his  little  water-wheel  is  turning  the  machinery  of 
a  great  mill,  in  which  many  persons  are  at  ^work. 

Many  streams  united  form  a  River,  a  large  stream  of  water  flowing 
on  the  land.  Rivers  are  very  useful.  Boats  and  ships,  carrying  people  and 
goods,  often  go  upon  them. 

Some  boats  are  forced  along  by  paddles,  others  by  oars,  and  others  by 
sails  against  which  the  wind  blows.  Ships  have  very  large  sails,  attached  to 
tall  masts,  and,  when  there  is  a  strong  wind,  they  go  along  very  swiftly. 

Rivers  and  other  streams  flow  through  valleys :  their  waters  come  from  the 
rain  and  snow,  a  part  of  which  sinks  into  the  ground  and  forms  springs. 

2 


14 


LESSON  VIII. A.  EAMBLE,  continued. 


The  farmer's  house  in  the   picture  is  in  a  Valley.     A  Valley  is   land 

BETWEEN    HILLS    OR   MOUNTAINS.       A   Mountain    is    LAND    RAISED    TO   A    GREAT    HEIGHT 
ABOVE   THE   SURROUNDING   COUNTRY. 

The  farmer  tills  the  ground,  and  raises  cattle,  horses,  swine,  and  sheep. 
Amid  the  beauties  of  field  and  forest,  he  is  generally  contented  and  happy. 
Around  his  dwelling  may  be  seen  domestic  fowls, — geese,  turkeys,  hens,  ducks, 

AND  PIGEONS. ' 

The  girl  is  looking  upon  the  great  Plain  at  the  left.  A  Plain  is  a  tract 
of  land  nearly  level.  Some  vast  plains  are  so  hot  and  dry  that  nothing  will 
grow  upon  them.     These  barren  plains  are  called  Deserts. 

Far  in  the  distance  we  see  the  line  where  the  sky  seems  to  meet  the  land 
and  water.  This  line  is  called  the  Horizon.  The  sun  is  just  setting  at  the 
Horizon.  It  sets  in  the  West  at*  the  close  of  the  day.  It  rises  in  the  East 
in  the  morning. 

With  your  right  hand  pointing  toward  the  East,  and  your  left  hand  toward 
the  West,  your  face  will  be  toward  the  North  and  your  back  toward  the  South. 
You  may  point  to  the  east,  west,  north,  and  south. 

Before  we  travel  much,  we  should  learn  how  to  find  the  direction  of 
places  from  us.  If  we  go  toward  the  setting  sun,  we  go  in  a  westerly 
direction.  If  we  go  toward  the  rising  sun,  we  go  in  an  easterly  direction. 
Toward  the  north,  in  a  northerly  direction.  Toward  the  south,  in  a  southerly 
direction. 


LESSON  IX. A.  EAMBLE,  continued. 


15 


While  traveling  a  distance  of  several  miles,  we  may  pass  Tillages. 
Villages  are  small  collections  of  houses.  They  have  a  few  stores,  churches, 
school-houses,  and  workshops,  and,  usually,  a  tavern.  Travelers  stop  at 
taverns  and  hotels.  Some  of  the  people  of  a  village  are  engaged  in  manu- 
facturing or  making  useful  articles. 

If  the  village  is  situated  near  a  stream,  it  may  have  mills  and  fac- 
tories, in  which  flour,  meal,  rakes,  chairs,  cloth,  yarnK  and  other  articles 
are  made. 

A  City  is  a  large  collection  of  houses  and  people.  Cities  are  usually 
built  near  a  river  or  other  body  of  water.  We  should  be  much  astonished, 
on  visiting  a  city  for  the  first  time,  at  the  great  number  of  houses,  people, 
and  different  kinds  of  business  followed.  Along  some  of  the  streets  or  roads 
of  a  city  are  a  great  many  stores  and  shops,  where  the  people  are  trading 
continually. 

The  produce  of  the  farm,  and  useful  articles  from  the  workshop,  are  bought 
and  sold  in  cities  and  villages.  The  farmer  carries  eggs,  chickens,  potatoes, 
grain,  beef,  and  pork,  and  sells  them.  With  the  money  he  gets  he  buys  rakes, 
hoes,  clothing,  sugar,  and  all  needful  articles  which  he  does  not  raise  or  cannot 
make  upon  his  farm. 

Persons  engaged  in  buying  and  selling  in  stores  and  shops  are  called  mer- 
chants or  traders.  Articles  raised  by  the  farmer  are  called  produce.  The 
articles  of  the  workshops  and  stores  are  called  wares  and  merchandise. 


16 


LESSON   X. A.  RAMBLE,  continued. 


The  porch  of  the  house  in  the  above  picture  is  supported  by  pillars. 
These  pillars  are  about  twelve  feet  high,  or  about  three  times  as  tall  as  boys 
and  girls  from  eight  to  ten  years  old. 

A  school-room  is  about  eight,  ten,  or  twelve  feet  high.  Your  teacher  will 
tell  you  the  height  of  your  school-room.  When  a  little  boy  walks,  he  goes  only 
about  the  distance  of  one  foot  at  each  step.  In  a  mile  there  is  a  great  number 
of  feet  or  steps.  It  would  take  you  half  an  hour  to  walk  a  mile,  and  an  hour 
to  walk  two  miles. 

The  mountain  in  the  above  picture  is  northeast  from  the  farmer's  house, 
and  about  twelve  miles  from  it.  Northeast  is  half-way  between  north  and 
east.  How  many  hours  would  it  take  you  to  walk  from  the  farmer's  house  to 
the  mountain,  if  you  were  to  walk  two  miles  in  one  hour  ? 

Some  mountains  are  so  rugged  and  high  that  we  could  not  reach  their 
tops  in  a  week.  The  top  of  a  mountain  is  called  its  Summit.  Many  moun- 
tains are  so  high  that  their  summits  are  always  covered  with  snow  and  ice. 

Some  mountains  are  called  Volcanoes,  because  they  send  forth  fire,  smoke, 
ashes,  and  melted  earth  and  stones.  The  light  from  volcanoes  is  sometimes 
seen  many  miles  from  them.  The  dull  rumble  of  their  fiery  torrents  is  often 
heard  a  long  distance.  They  have  sometimes  spouted  forth  melted  stones  and 
earth  in  such  quantities  as  to  bury  large  numbers  of  houses.  The  mouth  of  a 
volcano  is  called  its  Crater.  The  melted  matter  sent  forth  by  a  volcano  is  called 
Lava.     Streams  of  lava  are  sometimes  a  mile  wide  and  ten  miles  long. 


LESSON  XI. A.  JOUENEY. 


17 


The  farms,  plains,  mountains,  ponds,  rivers,  lakes,  villages,  cities,  people, 
animals,  and  plants,  which  we  have  seen  in  the  pictures,  are  only  a  few  of  the 
many  wonderful  things  in  the  world.  But  to  see  every  thing  in  the  world 
would  require  many  years.  Let  us  describe  what  we  saw  in  only  a  few  days' 
travel. 

We  desired  to  go  a  long  distance  and  to  see  a  great  many  things  in  a  very 
short  time.  To  do  this,  we  traveled  by  railroad,  which  is  the  quickest  mode  of 
traveling.  A  Eailroad  is  a  road  on  which  iron  rails  are  laid  for  wheel-car- 
riages to  run  on.  The  rails  are  placed  end  to  end  in  two  rows,  and  form  a 
track  extending  from  one  end  of  the  road  to  the  other. 

The  cars  are  long  carriages,  with  many  windows  on  each  side.  They 
resemble  long  low-  houses  on  wheels.  Several  cars  fastened  together,  end 
to  end,  form  a  Train.  The  Train  is  drawn  along  by  a  locomotive, — a  car- 
riage having  wheels  turned  by  steam-power.  James  Watt  made  great 
improvements  in  steam-engines.  George  Stephenson  made  the  first  loco- 
motive. 

As  we  took  our  seat  in  the  cars,  an  old  gentleman  said  that  when  he  was 
young  there  were  no  railroads,  and  that  the  only  ways  of  traveling  then  were 
by  stage-coach,  horse  and  wagon,  on  horseback,  or  on  foot. 

Instead  of  passing  over  hills  and  mountains,  the  railroad  is  often  made 
straight  through  them.  More  frequently  parts  of  the  hills  are  cut  down  and 
the  low  valleys  partly  filled  up  to  form  the  road. 


18 


LESSON   XII- A^  JOUENEY,  continued. 


When  the  passengers  were  all  seated,  the  conductor  of  the  train  «told  the 
engineer  to  start.  Persons  who  travel  by  railroad,  stage-coach,  or  other  regular 
conveyance,  are  called  Passengers.  Conductors  manage  the  trains  and  collect 
the  fares. 

The  Engineer  is  the  person  who  has  charge  of  the  locomotive  and  stops 
and  starts  it.  The  locomotive  is  sometimes  called  the  "Iron  Horse/'  because 
it  is  made  of  iron  and  draws  the  train. 

We  soon  passed  over  a  Bridge, — a  structure  raised  over  rivers  or  other 
places  for  the  passage  of  men  and  animals.  Some  bridges  are  made  of  wood, 
others  of  stone,  and  others  of  iron. 

We  soon  came  to  a  part  of  the  country  where  there  were  no  rivers  or  streams 
large  enough  for  boats  to  sail  upon,  or,  if  there  were,  they  did  not  flow  in  the 
direction  in  which  the  people  desired  to  carry  their  goods.  Here  was  a  canal. 
A  Canal  is  a  long  ditch  or  trench  made  in  the  land  and  filled  with  water. 

There  were  large  boats  upon  this  canal,  called  canal-boats.  They  were 
drawn  by  horses  and  mules.  The  horses  and  mules  are  attached  to  the  canal- 
boats  by  ropes.  They  walk  along  one  side  of  the  canal.  The  path  on  which 
they  walk  is  called  a  Tow-path.  Boys  often  ride  on  these  animals,  to  guide 
them  and  to  hurry  them  along. 

Canal-boats  go  only  about  four  miles  an  hour,  or  about  as  fast  as  a 
man  can  walk;  but  they  carry  great  loads.  But  few  persons  now  travel  by 
canal. 


LESSON   XIII. A.  JOURNEY,  continued. 


19 


Passing  a  stream  of  water,  we  saw  a  Dam,  which  had  been  built  across  it. 
Dams  are  structures  of  earth,  stones,  and  timbers,  to  stop  rivers  or  other 
streams  of  water.  The  water  thus  stopped  forms  an  artificial  pond.  What 
man  makes  is  artificial ;  what  God  makes  is  natural.  The  pond  we  had  pre- 
viously seen  was  a  natural  pond.  In  this  instance  it  was  called  a  Mill-pond, 
because  the  water  was  used  at  a  mill. 

The  mill  had  a  large  wheel  at  its  side,  against  which  the  water  was  made  to 
strike  as  i$  flowed  fro^  the  pond,  thus  turning  it  around.  The  mill  was  called 
a  Gri^t-mill  or  Flour-mill,  because  corn  and  other  kinds  of  grain  were  ground 
n:  it.  The  grain  is  placed  between  two  great,  rough  stones,  one  of  which  whirls 
around  above  the  other,  crushing  the  grain  and  making  it  into  meal  and  flour. 

Near  the  grist-mill  we  saw  a  Factory,  a  building  in  which  goods  are  made 
or  manufactured  ;  also  a  Saw-mill,  a  mill  for  sawing  logs  and  large  pieces  of 
timber.  The  machinery  of  some  factories  and  mills  is  driven  by  steam,  in  a 
manner  similar  to  the  turning  of  the  wheels  of  a  locomotive. 

In  the  distance  we  saw  an  Iron-furnace.  It  was  a  structure  of  stone  and 
brick,  in  which  a  fierce  fire  melted  the  iron  ore  which  was  taken  to  it  in  small 
cars.  Iron  ore  is  a  hard  substance  dug  from  the  ground.  A  part  only  of  this 
substance  is  iron,  but,  by  melting,  the  pure  iron  is  separated  from  the  other 
parts*  A  great  smoke  and  blaze  of  fire  issued  from  the  top  of  the  furnace, 
which  reminded  us  of  a  volcano.  All  the  iron  articles  in  use — such  as  railroad- 
tracks,  locomotives,  stoves,  shovels,  axes,  and  knives — are  made  from  iron  ore. 


20 


LESSON"   XIV. A.   JOURNEY,  continued. 


We  soon  saw  a  train  of  cars  loaded  with  coal,  which  had  been  dug  from  the 
ground.  Coal  is  used  to  burn  in  stoves  and  furnaces.  It  was  used  in  the  iron 
furnace  which  we  saw.  The  gas  in  general  use  in  cities  for  lighting  houses  is 
made  from  coal.  Coal  is  placed  in  iron  ovens  over  hot  fires,  and  the  gas  which 
arises  from  it  is  collected  and  passed  through  iron  tubes  under  ground  to  build- 
ings in  which  it  is  burned. 

How  strange,  thought  we,  that  coal  and  iron  can  be  dug  from  the  ground, 
and  that  a  fire  hot  enough  to  melt  the  iron  can  be  made  with  the  coal ! 

The  places  from  which  iron-ore,  coal,  and  other  minerals  are  taken  are 
called  Mines.  Digging  for  Minerals  is  called  Mining.  Coal  and  iron  generally 
are  found  in  hills  and  mountains.  Mines  are  sometimes  entered  by  small 
openings  in  the  side  of  the  hill  or  mountain.  They  are,  in  many  cases,  great 
rooms  having  pillars  to  support  their  roofs.  In  these  rooms  the  miners  place 
the  ore  or  coal  upon  small  cars  which  convey  it  from  the  mine. 

We  afterwards  saw  men  engaged  in  lumbering.    Lumbering  is  cutting  down 

TREES,  CONVEYING    THEM    TO    SAW-MILLS,  AND  SAWING   THEM   INTO   TIMBERS,  BOARDS,   AND 

shingles.      Of  these  timbers,  boards,  and  other  kinds  of  lumber,  great  rafts 
are  made,  and  floated  down  the  river  to  places  of  sale,  called  Markets. 

Sometimes  small  houses,  in  which  the  lumbermen  eat  and  sleep,  are  built 
upon  the  rafts.  The  rafts  generally  are  floated  down  when  the  rivers  have 
become  swollen  by  rains.  Sudden  rises  of  the  water  in  rivers,  caused  by  rains  or 
melted  snow,  are  called  Freshets,  and  commonly  occur  during  spring  and  autumn. 


LESSON   XV. A.  JOURNEY,  continued. 


21 


Not  far  from  the  lumber-making  scene  which  we  witnessed,  was  a  Kange 
of  Mountains.  Mountains  in  rows  form  Chains,  or  Eanges,  of  Mountains.  As 
we  came  near  to  the  mountains,  we  thought  the  cars  would  be  obliged  to  stop ; 
for  we  knew  they  could  not  go  up  the  steep  sides. 

In  a  few  minutes,  however,  a  man  came  through  the  cars,  lighting  all  the 
lamps.  We  then  knew  we  were  about  to  enter  a  dark  place ;  and  in  a  moment 
we  were  moving  along  a  great  passage  through  the  mountain.  The  noise  of 
the  cars  was  very  great,  and,  had  it  not  been  for  the  lamps  burning  in  them, 
we  should  have  been  in  darkness. 

"We  were  glad  to  get  out  of  this  Tunnel.     A  Tunnel  is  an  artificial  arch 

OR   PASSAGE   FOR    CONDUCTING    CANALS    OR   RAILROADS    UNDER    GROUND    OR   WATER.       This 

tunnel  was  nearly  a  mile  in  length,  and  the  greater  part  of  it  was  made  through 
a  solid  rock.     It  would  take  a  little  boy  half  an  hour  to  walk  through  it. 

A  few  hours  after  leaving  the  tunnel,  we  arrived  at  Pittsburg,  a  city  where 
there  are  very  many  iron-furnaces  constantly  in  operation.  The  smoke  and 
cinders  sent  forth  by  these  furnaces  have  given  the  city  a  dingy  appearance. 

Pittsburg  is  situated  where  two  rivers  unite  and  form  another  large  river. 
A  meeting  or  junction  of  two  or  more  streams  is  called  a  Confluence.  Pittsburg, 
then,  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela  Eivers. 
The  river  formed  by  this  confluence  is  called  the  Ohio  Eiver. 

A  great  many  steamboats  were  at  the  landing.  Steamboats  have  wheels 
which  are  turned  against  the  water  by  steam-power. 


22 


LESSON   XVI.— .A  JOIJENEY,  continued. 


At  Pittsburg  we  met  a  traveler  who  was  going  to  Niagara  Falls.  He  came 
a  great  many  miles  to  see  these  Falls,  which  are  sometimes  called  the  "Wonder 
of  the  World."  We  went  with  him.  A  daring  man  had  placed  a  steamboat  in 
the  river  below  the  Falls.     It  was  called  the  "Maid  of  the  Mist." 

This  was  a  small  steamboat,  yet  it  carried  many  persons.  Some  steam- 
boats are  large  enough  to  carry  several  hundred  passengers,  horses  and  wagons, 
and  great  quantities  of  goods.  Kobert  Fulton  made  the  first  steamboat. 
Steamboats  go  about  twelve  miles  an  hour.  The  person  who  has  control  of  a 
boat  or  ship  on  a  trip  or  voyage  is  cabled  the  captain.  A  Yoyage  is  a  long  trip 

BY  WATER. 

The  captain  of  the  "Maid  of  the  Mist"  invited  us  on  board  to  take  a  trip 
to  the  Falls.  When  we  looked  up  to  theHop  of  the  Falls,  we  were  terrified  by 
the  thought  of  being  overwhelmed  by  the  falling  water. 

The  sun  shone  upon  the  cloud  of  mist  which  arose  from  the  water,  and 
formed  a  rainbow.  We  then  learned  more  fully  that  the  rainbows  we  often 
see  in  the  clouds  are  caused  by  the  sun  shining  on  falling  rain-drops. 

A  number  of  miles  from  the  Falls  is  a  Lake, — a  large  body  of  water 
surrounded  by  land.  It  is  an  enormous  pond.  There  are  islands  in  the  lake. 
An  Island  is  a  portion  of  land  surrounded  by  water. 

We  were  glad  to  reach  the  shore  in  safety.     A  Shore  is  the  edge  of  land 

NEXT   TO   A   RIVER,    LAKE,    OR  OTHER   BODY    OF   WATER. 


LESSON  XVII. — MAPS. 


23 


^Niagara  Falh 


When  we  had  reached  home,  Ave  looked  u#on  a  map  which  represented 
many  things  we  saw  during  our  journey.        ^ 

A  Map  is  a  picture  of  the  whole  qjt  a  part  of  the  earth's  surface,  fey 
the  Earth  we  mean  all  the  land  and  water  in  the  world.  Toward  the  top 
of  a  map  is  North;  toward  the  bottom,  South;  toward  the  right  side,  East; 
toward  the  left  side,  West.  K . 

Our  journey,  from  Philadelphia  io  Pittsburg,  was  alt  in  one  State,  called 
Pennsylvania.     Niagara  Falls  are  partly  in  a  State  called  New  York.     A  State 

is    A    CERTAIN     PART    OF    A    COUNTRY,  Iljj^HIflJl'  THE    PEOPLE    ARE    UNITED    UNDER    ONE 
GOVERNMENT.  $    ' 

Each  State  in  this  country  haSy  a  J&overnor,  who  is  chosen  by  the  people 
to  execute  the  laws.  The  town  or  6$^  in  a  State  where  the  laws  are  made  is 
called  the  Capital.  Who  is  the  Governor/of  your  State?  In  what  State 
do  you  live  ?  1 

There  are  thirty-four  States  in  bur  country.  If  we  have  seen  so  many 
things  in  only  one  or  two  States,  how,  many  things  must  there  be  in  all  the 
thirty-four  States ! 


The  States  and  Countries  spoken  of  in  ^future  lesson?  will  be  represented  by  maps.  The  maps  will  show  us  the 
form  of  each  State  and  Country,  and  their  great  rivers,  lakes,  and  mountains. 

Many  of  tbeHfomndaries  of  States  and  Countries,  like  the  boundaries  of  play-grounds  or  farms,  have  been  made 
by  man.  Boundaries  of  States  and  Countries  are  not  indicated  by  fences,  however :  they  are  sometimes  indicated 
by  stones  marked  and  placed  in  the  grounding  distances  apart.  Sometimes  a  part  of  a  boundary  is  formed  by  a 
range  of  mountains,  a  river,  lake,  or  other  body  of  water. 


THE  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 


25 


LESSON  XVIII. 

4S~The  Teacher  is  here  referred  to  the  Remarks  preceding  Suggestions  on  Lesson  XVIIT.  (page  5). 

The  map  on  the  opposite  page  represents  the  part  of  our  country  farthest  toward  the 
East.  It  is  called  New  England,  and  comprises  six  States.  The  names  of  these  States 
are  printed  upon  them  on  the  map.  The  black  dotted  lines  show  the  extent  of  each 
State.  Five  of  them  are  partly  bordered  by  the  Ocean,  the  great  body  of  water  which 
surrounds  all  the  land.     The  water  of  the  Ocean  is  salt. 

New  England  is  noted  for  its  public  schools,  manufactures,  and  commerce.  Com- 
merce, means  buying  and  selling.  Hay,  corn,  oats,  rye,  potatoes,  and  fruits  are  grown 
upon  the  farms.  ^ 

MAP    EXERCISE. 

A  Bay  is  a  part  of  the  ocean  extending  into  the  land.  It  is  also  a  part  of  a  lake  or  other  body  of  water  partly 
inclosed  by  land.  Bays  are  sometimes  called  Gulfs  or  Seas.  What  Bay  partly  borders  the  eastern  part  of  Massachusetts  ? 
A  Cape  is  a  point  of  land  projecting  into  the  ocean  or  other  body  of  water.  Describe  the  Capes  represented  on  the 
map.     Mountains.     Rivers.     Lumbering.     Manufacturing.     Grazing.     Farming.     What  of  the  Moose  ?     Bear  ?     Deer  ? 


LESSON   XIX. 

Maine  (Me.)  is  the  largest  of  the  New  England  States. 
It  has  a  great  extent  of  coast.  A  Coast  is  land  border- 
ing on  the  sea  or  ocean.     The  Sea-shore  is  the  edge  of 

THE  COAST  WASHED  BY  THE  WAVES. 

More  lumber  is  manufactured,  and  more  ships  are 
built,  in  Maine  than  in  any  other  State.  The  forests  of 
pine  are  very  extensive.  The  Penobscot  is  the  largest 
river. 

Augusta  is  the  capital.  Capitals  are  represented  on 
the  map  by  the  mark  <$>. 

New  Hampshire  (N.  H.)  is  noted  for  its  mountain 
scenery.  Mount  Washington,  one  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains, is  visited  during  summer  by  a  great  number  of 
persons:  its  summit  is  covered  with  snow  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  year. 

This  State  has  only  eighteen  miles  of  sea-coast.  The 
people  are  engaged  in  manufacturing  and  farming.  Cot- 
ton and  woollen  goods  are  the  chief  manufactures. 

Concord  is  the  capital. 

Vermont  (Vt.)  contains  a  range  of  mountains  called 
the  Green  Mountains.  It  has  no  sea-coast.  The  valleys 
among  the  mountains  are  excellent  pasture-lands  for 
sheep  and  cattle.  Horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are  raised. 
The  people  are  chiefly  engaged  in  farming.  Great  quan- 
tities of  maple-sugar  are  made  from  the  sap  or  juice  of 
the  sugar-maple  tree. 

Montpelier  is  the  capital. 


LESSON   XX. 

Massachusetts  (Mass.)  is  the  oldest  of  the  New  Eng- 
land States,  and  has  the  greatest  number  of  people. 
The  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes,  cotton  and  woollen 
goods,  and  iron  wares,  is  very  extensive.  More  than  one- 
half  the  boots  and  shoes,  and  nearly  a  third  of  the  wool- 
len and  cotton  goods,  made  in  our  country  are  manufac- 
tured in  Massachusetts.  A  great  many  men  and  vessels 
are  engaged  in  the  cod  and  mackerel  fishery,  and,  in 
distant  parts  of  the  ocean,  in  taking  whales. 

Boston,  the  largest  city  of  New  England,  is  the  capital. 
Many  railroads  connect  Boston  with  all  the  other  great 
cities  in  our  country.  Flour,  fish,  ice,  cotton  goods,  and 
boots  and  shoes  are  exported.  Export  means  to  carry 
out  of  a  state  or  country. 

Connecticut  (Conn.)  is  noted  for  the  variety  of  its 
manufactures.  Cotton,  woollen,  and  India-rubber  goods 
and  iron  wares,  clocks,  and  pistols,  are  made.  The  first 
school  in  this  country  for  educating  the  deaf  and  dumb 
was  established  in  this  State.  Here  boys  and  girls  who 
cannot  hear  or  speak  are  educated. 

Hartford  and  New  Haven  are  the  capitals. 

Rhode  Island  (R.  I.)  is  noted  for  manufactures.  It  is 
the  smallest  State.  The 'first  cotton-factory  in  our  country 
was  built  in  this  State.  Newport,  a  city  on  the  coast,  is 
visited  in  summer  by  many  persons  for  the  purpose  of 
bathing  and  enjoying  the  air  from  the  ocean. 

Newport  and  Providence  are  the  capitals. 


MIDDLE  STATES,  AND  MARYLAND  AND  VIRGINIA.   27 


LESSON  XXI. 

The  map  on  the  opposite  page  represents  seven  other  States  of  our  country.  Observe 
how  each  State  is  bounded,  or  what  portions  of  land  and  water  touch  its  sides.  On  the 
eastern  side  we  see  a  part  of  the  New  England  States  and  a  part  of  the  ocean.  The 
part  of  the  ocean  here  seen  is  a  part  of  the  same  great  ocean  which  washes  the  coast 
of  New  England.  These  States  contain  nearly  a  third  of  the  people  of  our  country. 
Their  manufactures  amount  to  much  more  than  those  of  New  England. 

MAP    EXERCISE. 

Mountains?  Rivers?  Niagara  Falls?  Capes?  Bays?  Lakes?  Islands?  Commerce, — how  carried  on  in  New  York  ? 
Grazing?  Mining?  Manufactures?  Fruits?  Tobacco?  Animals?  Oil- Wells?  Rafting?  Virginia, — rebellion?  Capitals? 
Note. — For  D.  C,  see  page  35. 


LESSON  XXII. 

New  York  (N.  Y.)  contains  more  people,  is  more  ex- 
tensively engaged  in  commerce,  raises  more  domestic 
animals,  and  makes  more  butter,  cheese,  leather,  and 
maple-sugar,  than  any  other  State.  Great  quantities  of 
flour  are  made.  There  are  salt-springs,  from  which  salt 
is  made.  More  feooks  and  newspapers  are  printed  in 
New  York  than  in  all  the  other  States. 

The  Hudson  is  its  largest  river.  An  immense  canal 
extends  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Hudson,  making  an  arti- 
ficial river  nearly  four  hundred  miles  long,  and  connect- 
ing the  lake  with  the  ocean. 

New  York  City  is  the  richest,  largest,  and  most  beauti- 
ful city  in  our  country.  It  is  a  commercial  city.  Here 
are  vessels  bringing  goods  from  nearly  all  parts  of  the 
world,  and  taking  away  with  them  the  products  of  New 
York  and  other  States.  Bringing  into  a  country  or 
state,  is  Importing. 

Pennsylvania  (Pa.)  has  mines  of  coal  and  iron,  which 
are  more  extensive  than  those  of  any  other  State:  more 
than  one-half  the  iron  and  coal  used  in  our  country 
(jpmes  from  these  mines.  Railroads  and  canals  cross  the 
State  in  various  directions.  Pennsylvania  has  more 
miles  of  canal  than  any  other  State. 

Iron,  cotton,  and  woollen  goods,  flour,  lumber,  and 
liquors,  are  the  chief  manufactures.  Great  quantities  of 
oil  are  obtained  from  wells  in  the  northwestern  part. 
The  Susquehanna  is  its  longest  river. 

Philadelphia  is  next  to  the  largest  city  in  our  country, 
and  is  noted  for  the  variety  and  extent  of  its  manu- 
factures. 


LESSON  XXIII. 

New  Jersey  (N.  J.)  is  so  much  engaged  in  growing 
fruits  and  garden-vegetables  as  to  deserve  the  name  of 
"The  Garden  State."  These  products  are  sold  mostly 
in  Philadelphia  and  New  York.  Peaches,  melons,  toma- 
toes, Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  are  grown  abundantly.  It 
has  factories,  railroads,  and  canals. 

Delaware  (Del.)  is  the  smallest  State  except  Rhode 
Island.  The  people  are  chiefly  engaged  in  farming  and 
manufacturing.  The  peaches  of  Delaware  are  the  finest 
in  the  country.     Gunpowder-is  made  in  large  quantities. 

Maryland  (Md.)  is  nearly  divided  by  the  Chesapeake, 
Bay.  Besides  this  bay,  it  has  railroads,  canals,  and 
rivers,  upon  which  goods,  and  passengers  are  carried. 
Tobacco,  oysters,  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  manufac- 
tured iron,   flour,  and  leather,  are  exported. 

Baltimore  is  the  largest  city. 

Virginia  (Va.)  is  the  birthplace  of  the  great  and  good 
George  Washington,  the  "Father of  his  Country."  Salt 
from  springs,  iron,  and  coal,  are  the  principal  minerals. 
Flour  and  iron  are  the  chief  manufactures.  More  to- 
bacco is  grown  than  in  any  other  State,  and  a  great  deal 
of  flax.  The  Potomac  is  the  largest  of  the  many  rivers. 
There  are  canals  and  railroads. 

West  Virginia  (W.  V.).  This  State  was  a  part  of  Vir- 
ginia until  the  rebellion  broke  out.  The  people  were 
loyal,  and  did  not  wish  to  be  governed  any  longer  by  the 
secessionists  of  the  rest  of  Virginia:  so  they  formed  a 
new  State. 


SOUTHERN  STATES,  &  TENNESSEE  &  ARKANSAS.     29 


LESSON  XXIV. 

The  map  on  the  opposite  page  represents  the  part  of  our  country  farthest  toward  the 
South :  nine  States  are  represented.  The  people  are  chiefly  occupied  in  farming :  the 
chief  productions  are  cotton,  rice,  tobacco,  sugar,  mules,  and  hogs.  Most  of  the  farms  are 
very  large,  and  are  called  plantations :  the  owner  is  called  a  planter.  The  plantations 
are  worked  mostly  by  negroes  who  are  slaves.  These  negroes  are  bought  and  sold  as 
property  :  they  are,  mostly,  ignorant  and  degraded.  The  wealthy  people  are  generally 
well  educated,  polite,  and  hospitable.  There  are  large  rivers  and  many  railroads.  Few 
articles  are  manufactured.  The  locomotives,  cars,  carriages,  tools,  and  most  of  the  other 
manufactured  articles  are  made  in  the  Northern  and  Eastern  States. 

MAP  EXEKCISE. 

Mountains?     Rivers?     Gulfs?     Ocean?     Capes?     Negroes?     Pictures?    Rebellion?     Capitals? 


LESSON  XXV. 

North  Carolina  (N.  C.)  contains  mountains  higher 
than  the  White  Mountains :  theTiighest  is  called  Mount 
Mitchell.  Tar,  pitch,  and  turpentine  are  obtained  from 
the  extensive  pine-forests.  Tobacco,  corn,  and  great 
quantities  of  sweet  potatoes  are  grown. 

South  Carolina  (S.  C.)  resembles  North  Carolina  in 
soil  and  productions.  This  State  grows  cotton,  and  more 
rice  than  all  the  other  States.  Rice  grows  in  the  un- 
healthful  swamps.  The  best  cotton,  called  sea-island 
cotton,  grows  upon  the  islands  near  the  coast. 

Georgia  (Ga.)  contains  more  miles  of  railway  than  any 
.  other  of  the  nine  States  on  the  map.     This  State  grows 
cotton  and  rice,  and  more  sweet  potatoes  than  any  other 
State. 

Florida  (Flor.)  is  a  Peninsula,  a  portion  of  land 
nearly  surrounded  by  water.  It  has  a  great  many 
swamps,  in  which  alligators  live.  Near  the  coast  are 
coral  islands  made  by  a  little  animal  called  the  Polyp. 
Live-oak  for  ship-building  grows  here  luxuriantly. 


LESSON  XXVI. 

Alabama  (Ala.)  resembles  Georgia  in  soil  and  produc- 
tions. It  grows  nearly  as  much  cotton  as  Mississippi. 
Sugar-cane,  from  which  molasses  and  sugar  are  made,  is 
also  grown. 

Mississippi  (Miss.)  grows  more  cotton,  peas,  and  beans 
than  any  other  State.     It  has  extensive  swamps. 

Louisiana  (La.)  produces  nearly  all  the  sugar  and 
most  of  the  molasses  made  from  the  sugar-cane  grown 
in  the  country.  Cotton  is  grown  extensively.  This 
State— through  which  the  Mississippi  River  flows— has 
great  commercial  advantages.  New  Orleans  is  the  largest 
city. 

Arkansas  (Ark.)  abounds  in  plains  called  prairies. 
Corn,  cotton,  and  live-stock  are  raised,  and  lumber  is 
manufactured.  It  is  remarkable  only  for  its  Gypsum,  or 
plaster,  of  which  it  has  more  than  all  the  other  States. 

Tennessee  (Tenn.)  produces  more  home-made  manu- 
factures, and  raises  more  mules,  than  any  other  State. 
Tobacco,  corn,  cotton,  and  hogs  are  raised. 


BRITISH  AMERICA 


M  w     \  >      /  4r  ST  / 

EH        \ J  (    P B /^ 


WESTERN  STATES,  EXCEPTING  TENN.  AND  ARK.     31 


LESSON  XXVII. 

The  nine  States  represented  on  the  opposite  map  are  a  part  of  the  Western  States : 
they  are  a  great  many  miles  from  the  coast,  but  are  partly  bordered  by  great  lakes. 

Lake  Superior  is  larger  than  the  State  of  Maine:  Lakes  Superior,  Michigan,  and 
Huron  together  are  larger  than  New  England.  Their  waters  are  fresh,  and  so  deep  that 
ships  and  steamboats  go  upon  them.  The  Western  States  have  great  rivers  and  long 
railroads. 

Their  people  are  mostly  from  New  England  and  other  States  toward  the  East,  and 
are  enterprising  and  well  educated.  They  are  chiefly  engaged  in  farming ;  raise  cattle, 
hogs,  and  sheep ;  and  grow  such  great  quantities  of  corn,  wheat,  and  other  grains,  that 
these  States  are  sometimes  called  the  Granaries  of  the  West. 

MAP  EXERCISE. 

Lakes  ?     Rivers  ?     Indian  fur-traders  ?     Lumbering  ?     Mines  ?     Farming  ?     Animals  ?     Missouri, — rebellion  ?     Capitals  ? 


LESSON  XXVIII. 

Ohio  (0.)  produces  more  horses,  wool,  and  wine,  than 
any  other  State,  and  one-sixth  as  much  tobacco  as  Vir- 
ginia. Ohio  has  more  miles  of  railroad  than  any  other 
State.  Coal  and  iron  abound.  Flour,  meal,  and  salt  are 
largely  produced.  Cincinnati  is  the  largest  and  most 
commercial  city  of  the  West.  It  is  the  greatest  pork- 
market  of  our  country. 

Indiana  (Ind.)  is  the  smallest  of  the  Western  States, 
yet  it  is  larger  than  Maine.  Coal  abounds,  and  iron  is 
found  to  some  extent.  More  hogs  are  raised  than  in  any 
other  State. 

Illinois  (111.)  is  noted  for  its  fine  rivers  and  great 
plains,  called  prairies.  Large  herds  of  cattle  and  flocks 
of  sheep  graze  upon  the  prairies.  More  wheat  and  corn 
are  grown  than  in  any  other  State.  In  the  northwestern 
part  extensive  lead-mines  are  worked.  Chicago  is  a  very 
large  and  beautiful  city. 

Michigan  (Mich.)  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  Lakes 
Michigan  and  Huron.  These  lakes  are  united  by 
Mackinaw  Strait.  A  Strait  is  a  narrow  passage  of 
water  connecting  two  bodies  op  water.  In  the  north- 
western  part  are  the  richest  copper-mines  in  the  world. 
Iron  and  coal  are  found.  Copper,  grain,  lumber,  wool, 
salt,  and  fish  are  exported.  In  the  northwestern  part 
the  winters  are  very  cold. 


LESSON   XXIX. 

Kentucky  (Ky.)  produces  more  hemp  than  any  other 
State,  nearly  as  much  tobacco  as  Virginia,  besides  many 
hogs  and  much  corn.  Bagging  and  ropes  are  manufac- 
tured from  the  hemp  and  flax. 

Missouri  (Mo.)  is  noted  for  its  prairies,  fruits,  and 
minerals.  The  coal,  lead,  and  iron  will  probably  last 
forever.  More  lead  is  mined  than  in  any  other  State. 
Corn,  hemp,  and  tobacco  are  grown,  and  many  hogs  are 
raised. 

Iowa  (Io.)  has  rich  prairies  and  lead  and  coal  mines. 
Grain,  flour,  lead,  pork,  live-stock,  and  avooI  are  ex- 
ported. More  sorghum-molasses  is  produced  than  in 
any  other  State. 

Wisconsin  (Wis.)  has  the  richest  lead-mines  in  the 
world.  Many  of  its  rivers  have  falls  which  afford  excel- 
lent water-power.  The  southern  half  is  a  fine  farming- 
region.  The  winters  are  cold,  but  pleasant.  Lead,  lum- 
ber, grain,  flour,  and  wool  are  exported. 

Minnesota  (Minn.)  is  a  delightful  State.  The  winters 
are  cold;  but  the  steadiness  of  the  cold  and  the  dryness 
of  the  air  render  them  agreeable.  Rice,  currants,  and 
plums  grow  wild.    Pine-lumber  is  exported. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


33 


LESSON  XXX. 

The  opposite  map  represents  the  part  of  our  country  farthest  toward  the  West :  it 
comprises  States  and  Territories.  A  Territory  is  A  vast  tract  of  our  country  owned 
by  all  the  States.  The  people  of  the  States  choose  their  Governors ;  but  the  people  of 
a  Territory  are  too  few  to  have  the  right  of  choice :  their  Governors  are  appointed  by  the 
President. 

There  are  many  rivers  in  this  part  of  our  country :  the  Missouri  River  is  the  largest, 
and  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Some  of  the  rivers  in  the  Territories  are  nearly  dry 
during  summer. 

The  Rocky  Mountains  are  grand  and  lofty:  many  of  their  summits  are  always 
covered  with  snow.  The  loftiest  summit  in  our  country  is  called  Fremont's  Peak.  It  is 
twice  the  height  of  either  Mount  Mitchell,  in  North  Carolina,  or  Mount  Washington,  in 
New  Hampshire,  being  nearly  three  miles  high.  Pike's  Peak  is  near  famous  gold-mines. 
The  fierce  grizzly  bear,  and  wild  sheep  and  goats,  climb  around  these  mountains. 

Many  tribes  of  Indians  roam  over  the  Territories,  killing  the  bison  or  buffalo  and 
other  wild  animals.  The  skins  of  the  buffalo,  called  "  buffalo  robes,"  are  used  to  keep 
persons  warm  while  riding  in  cold  weather. 

MAP  EXERCISE. 
Mountains?    Rivers?    Gulfs?    Ocean?    Capes?    Capitals?    Pictures? 


LESSON  XXXI. 


Texas  (Tex.)  is  larger  than  New  England,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  Maryland,  Delaware,  and  Ohio 
together ;  but  it  has  fewer  people  than  Vermont.  Wild 
cattle,  horses,  and  buffaloes  roam  in  the  northwestern 
part :  many  varieties  of  beautiful  birds,  and  prairie-dogs 
and  other  animals,  live  in  the  unsettled  parts;  and 
along  the  coast  are  alligators,  snakes,  swans,  and 
pelicans. 

Cotton,  sugar,  tobacco,  cattle,  and  hides  are  exported. 
Different  kbnds  of  grain,  also  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  and 
pine-apples,  grow  luxuriantly. 

Kansas  (Kan.)  is  a  newly-made  State.  It  is  adapted 
to  cattle  and  sheep  raising,  and  to  grain-growing 


California  (Cal.)  contains  gold-mines  which  are  next 
to  the  richest  in  the  world.  Most  of  its  people  lived 
in  the  other  States  a  few  years  ago,  but  went  to  Cali- 
fornia to  get  riches.  This  State  produces  more  wine 
and  larger  vegetables  and  forest-trees  than  any  other 

Oregon  (On.)  has  forests  of  gigantic  pines,  from  which 
lumber  is  extensively  manufactured.  Salmon  and  other 
fine  fish  abound  in  the  rivers.  Lumber,  flour,  live-stock, 
and  provisions  are  exported  to  California. 

Utah  (Uh.)  is  a  Territory.  It  contains  a  salt  lake.  Most 
of  its  white  people  are  called  Mormons.  They  are  the 
followers  of  Joseph  Smith,  who  pretended  to  have  found 
an  addition  to  the  Bible,  called  the  "Book  of  Mormon." 


UNITED    STATES. 


35 


LESSON  XXXII. 

The  map  on  the  preceding  page  represents  all  the  States  and  Territories  in  our 
country :  it  also  enables  us  to  learn  how  they  are  situated  in  regard  to  each  other. 

On  the  eastern  side  we  see  a  part  of  the  ocean  which  borders  New  England,  New 
Jersey  and  other  States,  as  shown  by  previous  maps.  On  the  western  side  is  a  part  of 
the  ocean  which  borders  California  and  Oregon,  also  shown  by  a  previous  map.  These 
parts  are  only  small  portions  of  the  great  Ocean.  The  part  on  the  eastern  side  is  called 
the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  the  part  on  the  western  side  is  called  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

How  many  Gulfs,  Bays,  Lakes,  and  Rivers  there  are !  The  rivers  run  in  all  direc- 
tions.    See  the  Mountain-chains ! 

Between  Maryland  and  Virginia,  on  the  map,  you  will  observe  a  square  portion  of 
country :  it  is  called  the  District  of  Columbia.  In  this  District  is  Washington  City,  the 
capital  of  the  United  States,  where  the  President  resides.  Here,  too,  the  general  laws 
of  our  country  are  made  by  Congress.  Congress  is  a  meeting  composed  of  persons  chosen 
by  each  State  to  make  the  general  laws.  Some  of  these  persons  are  called  Senators ; 
others  are  called  Representatives. 

The  duty  of  the  President  is  to  see  that  the  laws  are  obeyed.  A  President  is  elected 
every  four  years  by  persons  chosen  by  the  people  of  all  the  States.  These  persons  are 
called  Electors. 


LESSON  XXXIII. 


About  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago,  dense  forests 
covered  most  of  the  land  now  occupied  by  the  United 
States.  Where  our  cities  now  stand,  the  wigwam  of  the 
Indian  then  sent  up  its  smoke  from  burning  twigs: 
where  steamboats  now  swiftly  glide  upon  our  rivers,  then 
the  bark  canoe  of  the  Ked  Man  was  paddled  from  place 
to  place :  where  our  locomotives  whistle  as  they  dash 
past  hill  and  valley,  the  whoop  of  the  Indian,  rushing  to 
battle  with  hatchet  of  stone,  then  broke  the  silence  of 
me  woods. 

The  Indians  are  fast  disappearing :  a  great  portion  of 


their  forests  in  the  East  having  been  cut  down  and 
the  wild  animals  destroyed,  they  have  been  driven  to 
the  West, — to  the  land  of  the  buffalo,  bear,  and  other 
game.  When  their  new  hunting-grounds  are  settled 
by  the  white  people,  the  Indians  will  have  departed 
forever. 

One  of  the  first  settlements  by  the  white  people  was 
made  by  the  "Pilgrims"  at  Plymouth,  Mass.:  from  this 
settlement,  and  from  those  made  by  the  Dutch  in  New 
York  and  the  Quakers  in  Pennsylvania,  education  and 
industry  have  been  spread  over  our  whole  country. 


MAP  EXERCISE. 


Mountains?     Rivers?     Gulfs?     Oceans?     States,— how  situated  ?     New  England  States,— how  join  the  others?     Middle 
States, — how  join  both  ?     Southern, — how  join  ?     Western  ?     Historical  picture  at  the  bottom  ? 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


37 


LESSON  XXXIV. 

North  America  is  more  remarkable  than  all  other  lands  for  the  number  and  size 
of  its  plains,  prairies,  lakes,  rivers,  and  waterfalls. 

The  United  States  occupy  the  middle  part  of  North  America.  We  learn  from  this 
map  that  although  our  country  is  very  large  it  forms  but  a  third  part  of  North  America. 
How  much  land  there  is ! 

Near  the  western  coast  is  the  Rocky  Mountain  chain :  it  seems  to  have  been  created 
to  strengthen  the  land,  and  might  be  called  the  "  back-bone"  of  North  America.  In  the 
southern  part  is  Popocatepetl, — an  active  volcano  and  the  highest  mountain  in  North 
America.  Flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  the  great  Mississippi, — the  longest  river 
in  the  world  if  we  consider  the  head-waters  of  the  Missouri  River  its  true  source. 


The  parts  farthest  north  are  always  frozen  and  covered  with  ice  and  snow :  here  the  people  live  in  huts  made 
of  snow,  ice,  or  skins,  or  in  dens  in  the  ground,  and  feed  upon  fish,  and  upon  animals  caught  on  the  land. 

Dr.  Kane  spent  several  months  in  these  icy  regions.  Whales  are  taken  in  the  ocean  near  these  parts, — more 
than  half  of  them  by  whalemen  from  New  England. 

The  most  southern  parts  are  quite  warm :  here  trees  grow  luxuriantly,  fruits  of  all  kinds  abound,  pretty  birds 
fill  the  woods  with  life  and  song,  serpents  and  alligators  live  along  the  shores,  and  sea-tortoises  or  turtles  warm 
themselves  in  the  sunshine. 

The  middle  part — our  country — is  neither  freezing  nor  burning ;  it  is  often  cold  and  often  warm,  and  is  there- 
fore called  temperate. 

MAP  EXERCISE. 

Mountains  ?     Rivers  ?     Gulfs  ?     Bays  ?     Oceans  ?     Islands  ?     Capes  ?    Volcano  ?    Fremont's  Peak  ? 
whale  catching ?     Mahogany-tree?     Kane's  vessel  ?     Tell  of  Dr.  Franklin. 


Animals  ?     Seal  and 


LESSON  XXXV. 


Kussian  America  is  the  northwestern  part  of  North 
America.  Marten,  sable,  and  otter  skins,  and  other  furs, 
come  from  this  country.     It  has  several  volcanoes. 

Greenland  is  the  coldest  country  in  the  world.  Many 
mountains  of  ice,  called  icebergs,  float  from  its  coast 
through  Baffin's  Bay  into  the  ocean. 

Iceland  has  many  volcanoes,  and  springs  of  boiling 
water. 

British  America  is  only  partially  settled,  because  it  is 
so  cold. 

Canada  is  a  part  of  British  America:  it  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  called  Lower  Canada  and  Upper  Canada.  It 
resembles  New  England  in  its  productions.  The  people 
are  engaged  in  lumbering,  manufacturing,  and  fishing. 
It  has  railroads  and  the  finest  canals  in  the  world. 
Ottawa  is  the  capital.  Montreal  and  Quebec  are  noted 
cities.  Toronto  is  the  most  flourishing  city,  and  has  ex- 
cellent colleges  and  schools. 


New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  resemble  Maine. 
Lumbering,  ship-building,  and  fishing  are  carried  on 
extensively. 

Newfoundland  is  near  the  famous  fishing-banks,  or 
the  shallow  water  in  which  codfish  are  caught.  It  is  a 
somewhat  barren  and  dreary  island. 

Mexico  contains  very  rich  silver-mines.  It  has  several 
volcanoes.  The  people  are  divided  into  different  parties, 
and  have  fought  each  other  for  so  many  years  that  their 
country  is  nearly  ruined. 

Central  America  resembles  Mexico :  it  is  a  very  un- 
healthy country. 

The  West  Indies  are  the  most  valuable  islands  in  the 
world.  Sugar,  coffee,  cotton,  tobacco,  oranges,  and 
lemons,  are  among  the  productions.  Cuba  is  the  largest 
of  these  islands. 


&tip  in  a  Storm 


SOUTH    AMEEICA. 


39 


LESSON  XXXVI. 

South  of  North  America,  and  connected  with  it  by  a  narrow  neck  of  land,  is  another 
vast  extent  of  land,  called  South  America :  it  is  bordered  on  the  east  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  about  three-fourths  the  size  of  North 
America,  but  has  higher  mountains,  larger  rivers,  and  more  extensive  forests. 

The  Andes  chain  of  mountains  extends  from  the  most  northern  to  the  southern  part 
of  South  America:  they  appear  more  like  xi  "back-bone"  than  do  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Mount  Tupungato  is  the  highest,  being  about  four  and  one-half  miles  high.  Some  of 
these  mountains  are  volcanoes. 

The  Amazon  River  is  the  largest  in  the  world.  The  immense  valley  through  which 
the  Amazon  flows  is  but  little  settled :  it  is  covered  with,  forests  of  trees  and  vines  fre- 
quently matted  together,  and  is  inhabited  by  birds,  monkeys,  alligators,  lizards,  serpents, 
and  other  wild  animals.  The  Amazon  pours  into  the  ocean  a  flood  of  water,  the  force 
of  which  is  felt  for  two  hundred  miles  from  the  coast. 

The  forests  are  the  largest  in  the  world,  and  cover  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  whole 
surface.  Many  of  the  largest  trees  are  adorned  with  flowers :  the  passion-flower-tree 
grows  to  the  size  of  the  oaks  of  North  America.  The  palm  and  many  other  valuable 
trees  flourish. 

Among  the  domestic  animals  is  the  Llama,  a  wool-bearing  quadruped  used  as  a  beast 
of  burden :  it  is  particularly  useful  in  crossing  the  Andes  by  the  narrow  and  dangerous 
roads.  Among  the  wild  animals  is  the  Condor.  It  soars  around  the  highest  summits  of 
the  Andes. 


LESSON  XXXVII. 


The  northern  part  is  always  warm ;  but  the  southern 
part  is  cold  and  dreary :  here  but  few  stunted  trees 
and  scattered  shrubs  and  mosses  deck  the  barren  rocks 
and  sand. 

Earthquakes  are  frequent,  and  often  destroy  whole 
towns  and  their  inhabitants. 

South  America  has  the  richest  diamond-deposits  in  the 
world ;  but  the  coffee  produced  is  worth  much  more. 
The  silver  and  gold  mines  are  very  rich. 


Over  many  of  the  plains  which  occupy  the  interior, 
wild  horses  and  cattle  roam  in  gre^it  numbers.  The  cattle 
are  hunted  and  killed  for  their  hides,  horns,  and  tallow. 

Grain,  potatoes,  sugar-cane,  and  coffee  are  grown. 
Diamonds,  gold  and  silver,  delicious  fruits,  coffee,  sugar, 
hides,  horns,  and  tallow,  are  exported. 

The  people  consist  of  whites,  negroes,  and  Indians: 
the  white  people  rule;  the  negroes  are  mostly  slaves; 
most  of  the  Indians  are  savages  or  barbarians. 


MAP  EXERCISE. 

Mountains?     Rivers?     Capes?     Islands?     How  united  to  North  America?     Animals?     Pictures?     Earthquakes? 


&  y  a  Q  o 


THE    EAKTH. 


41 


LESSON  XXXVIII. 

The  map  for  this  lesson  represents  all  the  land  and  water  in  the  world.  On  the 
western  side  are  North  and  South  America :  we  now  see  the  narrow  neck  of  land  by 
which  they  are  joined.  A  neck  of  land  that  joins  two  larger  portions  of  land  is 
called  an  Isthmus.  On  the  eastern  side  is  a  vast  formation  of  land  which  has  not  been 
mentioned  in  previous  lessons,  and  which  is  even  larger  than  all  America.  It  is  divided 
into  three  great  parts,  each  of  which  is  called  by  its  name  as  printed  on  the  map. 

The  largest  formations  of  land  are  called  Continents:  there  are  but  two  Conti- 
nents,— North  and  South  America  forming  one,  called  the  Western  Continent;  and 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  forming  the  other,  called  the  Eastern  Continent.  Look  upon 
the  map  and  say  which  is  the  Eastern  and  which. the  Western  Continent. 

The  earliest  homes  of  mankind  were  on  the  Eastern  Continent.  There  nearly  all 
the  people  lived  many  thousand  years  without  knowledge  of  any  other  land,  until,  about 
four  hundred  years  ago,  Christopher  Columbus  determined  to  make  a  voyage  toward  the 
West.  He  sailed  from  Palos,  in  Spain,  in  the  year  1492.  After  many  storms,  he  arrived 
at  San  Salvador,  an  island  near  the  coast  of  North  America.  Overjoyed  at  the  discovery, 
Columbus  and  his  men  fell  on  their  knees  and  gave  thanks. 

Columbus  found  the  island  inhabited  by  a  kind  of  people  he  had  never  before  seen. 
He  called  them  Indians.  About  seven  years  afterward,  Amerigo  Vespucci  visited  South 
America,  and  the  Western  Continent  was  called  "America"  in  honor  of  him;  though  it 
should  have  been  called  "Columbia"  in  honor  of  Columbus. 

About  a  hundred  years  after  this  discovery  of  the  Western  Continent,  people  from 
Europe  began  to  make  their  homes  upon  it.  Others  are  still  crossing  the  ocean  for  the 
same  purpose. 


LESSON   XXXIX. 


The  map  represents  the  whole  of  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  Oceans.  The  extreme  northern  and  southern 
parts  of  these  oceans  are  covered  with  ice  and  snow,  so 
that  vessels  cannot  visit  them  ;  but  the  other  parts  are 
constantly  sailed  upon,  especially  the  parts  between 
Europe  and  North  America  and  near  their  coasts.  Sail 
and  steam  ships,  which  are  constantly  passing  from  the 
United  States  to  England  and  France,  sometimes  en- 
counter the  icebergs  that  float  down  from  Baffin's  Bay. 


There  is  nearly  three  times  as  much  water  as  land ; 
but  only  those  who  spend  most  of  their  lives  upon  the 
ocean  can  realize  this  fact. 

The  animals  of  the  ocean  are  as  numerous  and  in- 
teresting as  those  of  the  land ;  but  we  can  mention  only 
a  few  of  them  here.  In  the  colder  parts,  the  Common 
Whale,  the  Walrus,  and  the  Seal  abound  ;  while  in  the 
warmer  parts,  the  Sperm-Whale, — the  largest  living  ani- 
mal,— 4he  Turtle,  and  the  Oyster  are  found. 


REMARKS   ON  THE   MAP. 

The  white  parts  are  the  snowy  regions.  The  lightest  shade  is  the  lowest  land ;  the  darkest  shade  is  the  highest  land ; 
and  the  white  dots  are  the  snow-covered  and  lofty  summits. 

The  rivers  flow  in  all  directions ;  yet  they  all  flow  from  the  high  parts  down  the  sloping  land  to  the  ocean  or  inland  seas. 

Water  never  flows  up-hill,  but  always  downward.  For  this  reason,  the  mountain-ranges  and  other  land-elevations  fix  the 
direction  of  rivers  by  shedding  the  waters  on  one  side  or  the  other  into  the  valleys  through  which  they  flow. 


E  U  E  0  P  E. 


43 


LESSON  XL. 

Were  we  to  visit  the  Eastern  Continent,  we  should  probably  leave  New  York  or 
Boston,  on  board  a  steamship,  and  reach  Europe  in  ten  days ;  or  if  by  a  sailing-vessel,  in 
about  thirty  days. 

Europe  comprises  the  most  powerful  countries  in  the  world.  The  principal  countries 
are  England,  France,  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria.  Their  navies  and  armies  are  the 
largest  in  the  world. 

The  cities  of  Europe  are  more  numerous,  more  populous,  and  more  magnificent  than 
those  of  America :  they  surpass  all  others  in  their  Museums,  Libraries,  Universities,  and 
Hospitals;  in  the  size  and  splendor  of  their  churches;  in  their  manufactures  and  commerce. 

London,  in  England,  is  the  largest  city  in  the  world :  it  is  three  times  the  size  of 
New  York,  and  four  times  the  size  of  Philadelphia.  Paris,  in  France,  the  second  city 
of  Europe,  is  surrounded  by  walls :  its  people  are  very  polite  and  gay.  From  Paris  we 
import — bring  into  the  country — most  of  the  silks,  ribbons,  and  laces  used :  "  Paris 
fashions"  are  followed  by  many  gentlemen  and  ladies. 

The  people  of  Europe  are  of  many  different  races  or  kinds ;  but  nearly  all  belong  to 
the  white  race.  Although  Europe  is  not  half  the  size  of  North  America,  it  contains  seven 
times  the  number  of  people. 

The  mountains  are  not  so  high  as  those  of  America,  but  their  scenery  is  more 
sublime :  the  loftiest  are  the  Alps,  and  the  highest  of  these  is  Mont  Blanc,  which  rises, 
covered  with  snow,  far  above  the  clouds.  It  is  three  times  the  height  of  Mount  Washing- 
ton, considerably  higher  than  Mount  Shasta,  but  only  three-fourths  the  height  of  Mount 
Tupungato,  in  South  America.     Neither  are  the  rivers  so  large  as  those  of  America. 


LESSON   XLI. 


The  first  railroad  was  made  in  England :  now  they  are 
used  in  many  other  countries  of  Europe. 

Most  of  the  vessels  of  Europe  are  built  in  England  and 
France :  some  of  them  are  built  mainly  of  iron.  Some  of 
the  ships  of  war  are  covered  with  steel  four  inches  in 
thickness. 

The  mines  are  the  most  extensive  in  the  world : 
coal,  iron,  lead,  copper,  tin,  quicksilver,  and  salt,  are 
abundant.      In   England    are    mines    extending   under 


the  ocean  :    the  miners  hear  the  roar  of  waves  over- 
head. 

The  soil  produces  the  different  kinds  of  grain,  fruits, 
and  potatoes.  Indian  corn  is  called  maize  in  Europe: 
the  seed  was  originally  brought  from  America.  In  the 
warm  and  genial  southern  parts,  the  grape,  olive,  orange, 
lemon,  fig,  date,  and  other  fruits  flourish :  rice  is  also 
cultivated  here.  A  few  fir-trees  and  mosses  constitute 
the  vegetation  of  the  cold  and  dreary  northern  part. 


MAP   EXERCISE. 

Mountains  ?     Capes  ?     Islands  ?     Seas  ?     Animals  ?     Pictures  ? 


ASIA. 


45 


LESSON   XLII. 

Asia  is  the  largest  division  of  land  in  the  world ;  being  four  times  the  size  of  Europe, 
or  larger  than  North  and  South  America  together.  It  contains  more  than  one-half  the 
people  of  the  world.  It  was  the  home  of  Adam  and  Eve ;  and  was  also  the  scene  of  our 
Saviour's  birth,  life,  labors,  and  crucifixion. 

The  mountains  of  Asia  are  the  loftiest  in  the  world.  Mount  Everest,  one  of  the 
Himalayas,  is  more  than  five  and  one-half  miles  high, — a  mile  higher  than  Mount 
Tupungato !  The  rivers  of  Asia  are  large  and  numerous ;  but  none  of  them  are  two- 
thirds  the  length  of  the  Mississippi. 

Asia  is  the  native  land  of  the  Camel,  and,  probably,  of  the  Horse.  The  camel  is 
called  the  "  Ship  of  the  Desert ;"  and,  were  it  not  for  him,  large  parts  of  Asia  could  not 
be  crossed  by  man. 

The  people  mostly  belong  to  the  yellow  race.  They  are  ingenious,  but  lack  energy. 
The  Great  Chinese  Wall  and  the  Grand  Canal  are  the  only  great  improvements ;  and  these 
were  made  during  a  past  age.     Nearly  all  are  Pagans, — idol-worshippers. 

Asia  is  rich  in  precious  minerals :  gold,  silver,  and  diamonds  abound. 

China  and  India  are  the  most  important  countries.  From  China  we  import  tea,  silks, 
and  china-ware. 

The  Japan  Islands — on  which  the  Japanese  live — and  the  Malay  Islands — on  the 
shores  of  which  the  Malay  people  reside — are  near  Asia. 


LESSON  XLIII. 


The  northern  part  of  Asia  is  so  bleak  and  barren, 
that  only  a  few  hardy  shrubs  and  coarse  grasses  will 
grow  there.  The  middle  part  has  high  mountain-chains 
and  ridges,  between  which  are  fertile  plains  and  valleys, 
producing  different  kinds  of  grain  and  affording  fine 
pasture. 

The  southern  part  is  much  the  finest:  the  bamboo, 
banyan,  and  palm  tree  grow  luxuriantly ;  fruits  in  great  va- 
riety, tea,  coffee,  rice,  millet,  cotton,  cinnamon,  nutmegs, 


cloves,  and  camphor,  are  produced  in  great  quantities. 
This  part  abounds  in  ferocious  animals  and  beautiful 
birds. 

Upon  the  slopes  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  Himalaya 
mountains  the  Cashmere  goat  is  raised,  from  the  wool  of 
which  the  famous  Cashmere  shawls  are  made.  Many 
people  of  the  interior  are  engaged  in  raising  sheep,  cattle, 
camels,  and  horses.  The  same  pursuit  was  followed  by 
the  early  inhabitants  of  Asia. 


MAP  EXEECISE. 

Mountains  ?     Rivers  ?     Gulfs  ?     Bays  ?     Seas  ?     Oceans  ?     Capes  ?     Islands  ?     Jerusalem  ?     Animals  ? 


Cape  of  Good  *** 


AFRICA. 


47 


LESSON  XLIV. 

Africa  is  the  native  land  of  the  Negro.  It  has  a  very  extensive  coast,  but  no 
great  bays,  and  few  large  rivers.  The  Nile  is  the  longest  and  most  important  of 
the  rivers. 

The  people  are  mostly  ignorant  and  degraded :  the  hot  climate  tends  to  prevent  their 
improvement.  They  chiefly  live  in  rude  huts,  but  in  most  cases  have  fixed  places  of 
residence ;  are  generally  kind  and  cheerful,  and  are  not  so  cruel  as  the  American  Indian. 
They  pay  some  attention  to  gardening,  but  use  very  rude  tools :  some  of  the  tribes  make 
leather  and  cotton  cloths. 

The  sale  of  negroes  forms  a  large  part  of  the  commerce  of  Africa.  Several  hundred 
boys,  girls,  men,  and  women  are  frequently  driven  from  place  to  place  until  sold.  Many 
thousands  of  them  are  taken  to  South  America  and  the  West  Indies  every  year.  The 
negroes  of  the  United  States  are  the  descendants  of  Africans  who  were  forcibly  taken  from 
their  own  homes. 

In  the  northeastern  part  is  Egypt,  where  now  live  the  descendants  of  the  ancient 
Egyptians  mentioned  in  the  Bible.  Here  are  vast  stone  pyramids  and  other  monuments 
erected  by  the  powerful  kings  who  reigned  in  Egypt  many  thousand  years  ago.  One 
of  the  Pyramids  covers  thirteen  acres  of  ground. 


LESSON  XLV. 


ab  c 


Africa  surpasses  all  other  lands  in  the  number  of  wild 
animals.  Among  the  domestic  animals  are  the  camel, 
having  feet  resembling  cushions,  by  which  he  steps  upon 
the  dry  sand  without  sinking;  oxen  with  enormous 
horns ;  and  sheep  with  tails  so  long  and  fat  that  they 
have  to  be  attached  to  little  wagons  to  prevent  dragging 
on  the  ground. 

The  palm-tree  grows  in  all  parts  except  the  southern : 
wheat,  corn,  rice,  and  cotton  are  grown  ;  the  olive  and  fig 
trees  and  lotus-plant  flourish.     The  Baobab-tree  grows  to 


the  size  of  thirty  feet  in  diameter, — as  large  as  many 
cottages, — but  only  twelve  to  fifteen  feet  high. 

A  vast  region  of  Northern  Africa  is  a  desert  called 
Sahara.  It  is  the  largest  desert  in  the  world:  over  its 
hot  sands,  which  shift  with  every  wind,  the  traveler  rides 
upon  the  "Ship  of  the  Desert." 

Gold  abounds  in  the  hills  and  streams ;  iron,  copper, 
and  salt  also  abound. 

The  exports  are  slaves,  palm-oil,  gold,  ivory,  hides, 
and  feathers. 


MAP  EXERCISE. 

Mountains?     Rivers?     Capes?     Seas?     Desert?     Isthmus?      People?     Slave-sale?     Animals?     Trees?     Tell  of  the 
Israelites  and  the  Red  Sea.     Tell  of  Joseph  in  Egypt.     Moses  and  his  boat  of  rushes.     Madagascar,  where  ? 


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ANIMALS   AND   PLANTS. 


61 


The  Condor  (con'dor)  is  the 
most  lofty-dwelling  bird.  Like  tho 
hyena  and  some  other  animals,  it  cats 
dead  bodies  which  would  otherwise 
poison  the  air.  It  is  hatched  on  tho 
bare  rock,  with  no  nest  to  protect  it 
from  wind  and  cold.  We  do  not  wonder 
that  it  is  so  hardy  and  strong.  It  in- 
habits the  regions  of  storm  and  earth- 
quake. 


The  Cork-Tree  is  an  oak.  Its 
outer  bark  is  made  into  stopples.  All 
large  oaks  are  very  valuable :  they  aro 
used  for  ship  and  other  building  where 
strength  and  durability  are  required; 
and  the  bark  of  one  kind,  called  quer- 
citron, is  used  in  tanning  leather  and 
in  coloring  yellow.  Oaks  aro  found 
chiefly  in  North  America,  Europe,  and 
Asia. 


The  Cotton-Plant,  first  found 
in  India,  is  grown  in  many  other  warm 
lands.  There  aro  three  kinds  of  cotton- 
plants, — the  yearly,  tho  shrub,  and  the 
tree.  Tho  yearly  is  grown  most  ex- 
tensively, and  from  .seed.  The  seeds, 
surrounded  by  tho  soft,  downy  cotton, 
grow  in  a  pod.  When  the^pods  burst, 
the  cotton  and  seed  are  picked  from 
them  and  separated.  It  rivals  wool  in 
clothing  mankind. 


Crocodile.— See  Alligator,  (No.  4.) 

(19)  The  Date-Palm  grows  in 
Africa  and  Asia.  Its  wood  is  used  in 
building  houses;  its  fruit  is  used  for 
food;  its  juice  is  made  into  wine;  its 
leaves,  into  hats  and  baskets ;  and  tho 
date-stones  are  ground  to  make  oil. 

(18)  The  Python  (pi'thon)  is 
found  in  Asia  and  Africa.  Like  the 
boa-constrictor,  after  coiling  around 
animals  and  crushing  them,  it  covers 
them  with  slime  and  swallows  them 
whole. 


The  Deer— See  No.  46. 


The  Eagle  is  found  in  nearly  all 
parts  of  the  world,  but  mostly  in  wild 
regions  little  settled  by  man.  It  was 
called  the  "King  of  Birds,"  and  a  noble 
animal,  by  tho  people  of  olden  times, 
who  were  apt  to  think  that  tho  most 
powerful  rulers  were  the  most  noble, 
even  if  very  cruel.  It  is  very  strong, 
and  can  see  a  long  distance.  It  feeds 
on  the  small  animals  which  it  kills, 
and  on  those  it  finds  dead  and  de- 
caying. 


(22)  The  Elephant,  (el'e-phant,) 
the  largest  and  strongest  laud-animal, 
is  found  in  India  aud  Africa.  It  lives 
in  lonely  forests,  and  eats  parts  of  trees 
and  roots  plowed  up  by  its  ivory  tusks. 
It  feeds  itself  with  its  long  nose  and 
upper  lip,  called  its  trunk.  When 
tamed,  it  is  very  useful  in  carrying 
people  and  loads. 

(21)  TheBird-of-Paradise(par'- 
a-dise)  is  very  proud  and  careful  of  its 
beautiful  feathers. 


The  Elephant-Seal.— See  Seal, 
(No.  79.) 


(23)  The  Elk  and  (24)  The  Ante- 
lope (an'te-lope)  aro  found  in  both 
continents.  The  horns  of  the  elk  fall 
off  yearly,  but  those  of  the  antelope  are 
permanent.  Like  all  animals  of  their 
kinds,  they  help  in  removing  too  luxu- 
riant vegetation,  while  they  themselves 
are  the  food  of  other  animals,  including 
man.  Somo  of  them  like  to  roam  over 
lands  somewhat  barren. 


(25)  The  Emeu  (e'mew)  inhabits 
Oceania,  and  feeds  on  grass,  buds, 
berries,  and  roots.  It  has  no  wings  for 
flight,  but  it  runs  very  swiftly.  Its  eggs 
are  laid  on  the  ground,  no  nest  being 
prepared,  but  commonly  among  bushes. 
Birds  which  fly  most  build  better  nests 
than  thoso  which  move  on  foot;  for 
their  young  must  remain  longer  in 
them  for  their  wing-feathers  to  grow. 

(26)  The  Lyre-Bird  has  a  tail  re- 
sembling a  musical  instrument. 


The  Esquimau  Dog  (esTce- 
mo)  is  the  most  valuable  animal  in 
those  far-northern  regions  near  ice 
where  the  reindeer  finds  no  pasture. 
Where  winter  prevails  three-fourths 
of  the  year,  the  people  could  hardly 
live  without  it.  It  faithfully  draws 
sledges  over  the  snowy  deserts,  and 
often  while  suffering  from  intense 
hunger.  Dogs  are  found  in  all  parts 
of  tho  world. 

The  Flamingo.— See  No.  5. 

(29)  The  Flax-Plant  is  grown 
from  seed.  When  full  grown,  it  is 
pulled,  bundled,  dried,  soaked  in  water 
to  partly  rot  the  stems,  dried  again, 
beaten  or  brtiised,  and  combed.  The 
fibers  or  threads  thus  obtained  are  spun 
into  yarn  and  made  into  linen  cloth. 
Linseed-oil  is  obtained  from  its  seed  by 
pressing. 

(28)  The  Hemp-Plant  is  taller 
than  the  flax,  aud  is  made  into  rope, 
and  coarse,  strong  cloth,  called  canvas, 
and  used  for  sails. 


ANIMALS   AND   PLANTS. 


The  Grape-Vine  has  been  culti- 
vated many  thousand  years.  The  first 
vineyard  mentioned  in  the  Bible  was 
that  planted  by  Noah.  It  is  very  long- 
lived,  sometimes  reaching  the  age  of 
several  hundred  years,  and  growing  to 
.the  size  of  a  man's  body.  It  thrives 
in  warm  countries.  The  grapes  are 
dried,  and  called  raisins ;  the  juice  is 
made  into  wine.  The  currants  of 
commerce  are  dried  grapes. 

The  Grass-Tree  supplies  the 
natives  of  Australia  with  a  part  of 
their  food. 


The  Giraffe,  (ji-raff',)  the  tallest 
of  animals,  is  found  only  in  Africa. 
Its  elegant  long  neck  enables  it  to  feed 
from  the  tops  of  tree*.  It  takes  hold 
of  the  leaves  with  its  long  tongue.  Its 
appearance  in  a  grove  is  magnificent. 
It  kicks  with  terrible  swiftness  and 
force,  often  killing  the  lion.  It  can 
leap  fifteen  feet,  and  the  swiftest  race- 
horse can  hardly  overtake  it. 

The  Gnu.— See  No.  83. 

(32)  The   Grizzly  Bear  is  the 

most  powerful  and  ferocious  of  all  bears 
except  the  polar;  still,  it  feeds  much 
on  vegetables.  Bears  prefer  to  live  in 
wild  stormy  regions,  where  the  smaller 
animals  on  which  they  feed  are  killed 
in  the  tempests  and  snows. 

(33)  The  Bocky  Mountain 
Sheep  is  not  covered  with  wool:  it 
would  be  if  it  were  tamed  and  well 
cared  for  in  places  neither  too  cold  nor 
too  warm. 

The  Hemp-Plant— See  No.  28. 

The  Hippopotamus  (hip-po- 
pot'a-mus)  is  found  only  in  Africa.  It 
lives  in  the  rivers  and  on  their  muddy- 
shores,  and  can  stay  under  water  five 
minutes.  It  feeds  mostly  on  water- 
plants;  but  in  the  evening  it  enters 
fields  and  destroys  crops  with  its  ugly 
mouth  and  clumsy  feet.  It  eats  more 
than  any  other  animal.  Its  great  duty 
is,  like  that  of  the  Manatee,  to  destroy 
vegetation  and  to  clear  streams. 


(35)  The  Hyena,  (hy-e'na,)  now 
found  only  in  Africa  and  Southern  Asia, 
eats  dead  animals  and  the  bodies  which 
it  digs' from  graves.  It  often  lives  in 
rocky  dens,  and  prowls  about  at  night. 

(36)  The  Bamboo  (bam-boo') 
grows  mostly  in  Southern  Asia.  It  is  a 
bunch  of  reeds  rising  from  one  root. 
The  Chinese  cultivate  it,  and  make 
paper,  sails,  rigging,  and  many  articles 
of  furniture  from  it. 


The  Jaguar  (jag-u-ar')  is  the 
most  ferocious  of  the  cat  tribes  of 
South  America.  Although  it  gene- 
rally lives  away  from  settlements,  it 
sometimes  enters  them  and  makes 
sad  havoc.  It  seeks  its  prey  in  the 
night,  and  lies  in  hiding-places  till  its 
victim  can  be  reached  by  jumping.  It 
kills  with  great  energy,  but  not  in 
anger;  for  it  was  created  to  remove 
animals  which  would  otherwise  become 
too  numerous. 


The  Kangaroo  (kang-ga-roo') 
is  found  only  in  Oceania.  It  feeds  on 
grass  and  low  trees,  and  leaps  from 
place  to  place  very  swiftly.  -It  is 
mostly  found  in  parts  of  Australia 
where  the  land  is  covered  with  green 
grass  and  trees  at  one  season  and  is 
parched  at  the  next;  bo  that  it  is 
obliged  to  move  about  a  great  deal  in 
search  of  food,  and  frequently  to  carry 
its  young  at  the  same  time. 


The  Llama  (la'ma)  is  found  only 
in  the  mountainous  parts  of  South 
America.  It  carries  loads,  in  that 
wild  region,  over  natural  bridges, 
along  frightful  precipices,  across  foam- 
ing waterfalls,  and  where  snow-storms 
darken  the  air  and  drive  so  furiously 
that  no  other  animal  can  stand  or  even 
live.  It  resembles  the  camel,  but  has 
no  hump,  for  there  are  no  deserts  for 
it  to  cross. 


(41)  The  Lion,  the  "King  of 
Beasts,"  is  found  in  Aft  „a  auu  Asia. 
Its  roar  is  deep  and  solemn,  and  is 
often  heard  amid  the  sounds  of  thun- 
der-storms. It  springs  from  hiding- 
places  upon  men  and  animals,  and  can 
carry  off  an  ox  in  its  mouth.  It  assists 
in  destroying  animals  which  would 
otherwise  become  too  numerous. 

(40)  The  Baobab-Tree  (ba'o-bab) 
bears  a  fruit  which  the  natives  call 
"  monkey-bread."  Its  bark  is  made 
into  cloth. 

The  Live-Oak-Tree.— See  No. 

78. 

The  Lyre-Bird.— See  No.  26. 

(1)  The  Marten  (mar'ten)  end 
(2)  The  Sable  (sa'ble)  are  found 
in  the  northern  and  wooded  regions  of 
North  America,  Europe,  and  Asia,  and 
feed  on  such  animals  as  mice,  rabbits, 
and  partridges.  Some  of  them  have 
hair  under  their  toes  to  keep  them 
warm. 

(3)  The  Otter,  (ot'ter,)  found  on 
both  continents,  lives  mostly  in  the 
water,  and  commonly  feeds  on  fish. 


ANIMALS  AND  PLANTS. 


53 


The  Mahogany-Tree  (ma-hog'a- 
ny)  grows  mostly  in  Central  Ame- 
rica. From  there  it  is  sent  in  ships  to 
various  parts  of  the  world.  The  wood 
is  much  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
house-furniture.  The  best  mahogany- 
trees  grow  where  it  is  difficult  to  cut 
and  haul  them ;  so  that  much  of  the 
finest  timber  is  not  used,  the  people 
where  it  grows  not  having  the  skill 
and  energy  to  move  it  to  market. 


'  The  Manatee,  (man-a-tee',)  or 
Sea-Cow,  is  found  mostly  in  the  warm 
waters  of  South  America.  It  feeds  in 
the  water  or  on  the  shore,  and  removes 
many  plants  which  would  either  choke 
up  shallow  streams,  or  decay  and  poison 
the  air,  in  a  region  where  the  land  is 
flooded  at  one  season  and  parched  the 
next,  or  where  the  vegetation  is  so 
dense  and  tangled  that  no  large*  vege- 
table-eating quadrupeds  can  live. 


The  Monkey  (mungTce)  inhabits 
the  forests  of  tho  warmest  parts  of 
both  continents,  and  some  of  the  warm 
islands.  It  feeds  mostly  on  fruits,  but 
is  fond  of  insects.  It  is  very  lively 
and  mischievous,  and  moves  from  tree 
to  tree  on  the  branches  with  great 
swiftness,— often  with  its  young  cling- 
ing to  it.  The  monkeys  of  America  are 
the  most  noisy  and  lively. 


(47)  The  Moose  is  found  in  the 
northern  forests  of  North  America, 
where  it  feeds  upon  roots  and  the  bark 
and  tender  branches  of  trees,  and  on 
the  grasses  growing  in  shallow  water. 
Its  flesh,  called  venison,  resembles 
beef.    Its  horns  fall  off  every  year. 

(46)  The  Deer,  found  mostly  in 
North  America,  Europe,  and  Asia,  is 
very  shy  and  runs  very  swiftly.  It 
eats  the  tender  sprouts  of  trees,  roots, 
and  herbs.  Its  horns  are  shed  yearly. 
The  flesh  of  all  animals  of  the  deer  kind 
is  called  venison. 


The  Musk-Ox  inhabits  the  north- 
ern part  of  North  America.  The  win- 
ters of  this  region  are  long  and  cold, 
and  the  lands  are  nearly  barren.  Still, 
the  musk-ox  thrives  in  the  short  sum- 
mer upon  the  scanty  grass,  and  in 
winter  on  the  mosses,  and  supplies 
tho  Esquimaux  with  much  of  their 
food.  A  fine  downy  wool  grows  among 
the  long  hair. 


The  Orang-Outang,  (o-rang'- 
o-tang,)  a  four-pawed  animal,  is  found 
mostly  in  Malaysia.  Like  all  other 
apes,  it  has  no  tail.  It  is  sometimes 
seven  feet  tall,  and  is  very  strong,  and 
exactly  fitted  to  climb  trees  and  to 
move  from  limb  to  limb  for  the  fruits 
on  which  it  feeds.  It  lives  in  dense 
warm  forests  where  fruits  are  always 
ripening. 

The  Owl.— See  No.  62. 
The  Otter.— See  No.  42. 


The  Olive-Tree  thrives  in  mild 
countries,  but  is  mostly  grown  in  the 
region  of  Europe  southward  from  the 
Alps.  The  fruit  of  some  of  tho  trees 
yields  two  hundred  quarts  of  oil,  which 
is  used  by  the  people  as  butter,  or  ex- 
ported. The  traveler,  on  crossing  the 
Alps  range  from  the  north,  is  surprised 
to  find  on  the  sunuy  side  of  those 
mountains  groves  of  olives  and  blossom- 
ing orange  and  lemon  trees. 


The  Ostrich,  (os'trich,)  found 
chiefly  in  Africa,  is  the  largest  of 
birds.  It  outruns  the  horse,  and  can 
carry  a  man  upon  its  back.  The 
plumes  of  its  wings  and  tail  are  valued 
as  ornaments  of  dress.  Its  eggs  weigh 
three  pounds  each,  and  are  laid  in 
nests  scratched  in  the  sand.  The  na- 
tives make'drinking-cups  of  the  egg- 
shells. It  feeds  on  grass,  fruit,  and 
grain. 


The  Platypus,  (plat'i-pns,)  or 
Orni  thory  nchus,  (or-ni-tho-riu'eus,) 
is  found  only  in  Australia.  It  bur- 
rows in  the  ground,  near  deep  and 
sluggish  water,  and  feeds  on  little 
animals  found  in  the  mud  and  water. 
Its  burrow  has  one  entrance  under 
water,  and  is  a  long,  winding  way, 
ending  in  a  roomy  place  lined  with 
leaves  and  moss.  Its  bill  resembles 
the  duck's,  and  its  fur  the  otter's. 


The  Penguin  (pen'gwin)ls  found 
mostly  on  the  southern  coast  of  South 
America  and  the  islands  of  the  cold 
ocean  near  by,  and  still  further  south. 
It  lives  on  the  lonely  shores,  never  going 
far  from  land;  for,  having  no  wings 
with  which  to  fly,  it  might  not  live  to 
swim  ashore  during  tho  storms  which 
so  often  occur  in  the  region  it  in- 
habits. 


REVIEW   AND   ADDRESS. 


Children  : — We  have  now  reached  the  end  of  this  book.  As  we  should  look  back  upon 
every  act  we  do  and  every  hour  and  day  we  spend,  and  ask,  What  good  have  we  done? 
so  let  us  look  back  upon  the  lessons  we  have  studied,  and  ask,  What  have  we  learned 
from  them  ? 

The  things  we  see  about  us  daily  have  their  uses.  The  trees  supply  us  with  wood  to 
burn,  with  lumber  and  timber  for  house  and  ship  building,  and  with  fruits  to  eat.  The 
animals  yield  articles  of  food,  and  skins  and  wool  for  clothing.  The  ground  produces 
many  different  kinds  of  plants  and  vegetables  without  which  we  could  not  live ;  and  the 
earth  contains  treasures  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  and  other  minerals.  Other  countries,  too,  have 
animals,  plants,  and  precious  ores,  for  the  food,  clothing,  and  welfare  of  their  inhabitants. 

To  whatever  part  of  the  earth  we  go,  we  find  animals,  plants,  and  people  exactly 
suited  to  the  places  they  occupy.  The  regions  farthest  north  and  south  are  frozen  and 
dreary ;  yet  we  find  in  them  the  polar  bear,  the  common  whale,  the  walrus,  the  seal,  the 
auk,  and  the  penguin,  passing  comfortable  lives  amidst  the  snow  and  ice  along  the  lonely 
shores.  Midway  between  the  two  frozen  wilds  is  a  vast  region  where  summer  never  ends, 
where  dense  woods  of  great  trees  and  tangled  vines  swarm  with  animals  of  many  sorts, 
and  where  warm  waters  are  the  homes  of  wonderful  living  things. 

More  than  all  this :  we  have  seen  Man,  the  master  of  all  the  animals,  visiting  every 
region,  for  some  object  of  value,  or  to  fix  his  home.  He  pursues  the  whale  on  the  mighty 
deep,  and  the  fur-bearing  animals  on  the  frozen  land.  He  tills  the  soil  of  mild  countries, 
and  builds  splendid  cities  and  works  of  art.  He  captures  the  great  elephant  in  the  warm 
woods  of  the  Eastern  continent,  and  pursues  the  ostrich  for  its  elegant  feathers. 

Wherever  man  is,  he  is  guided  by  reason  in  making  himself  comfortable.  He  has 
no  fur;  yet  he  strips  the  polar  bear  and  crawls  into  his  skin.  Jf.e  can  grow  no  vegetable 
in  the  frozen  ground,  yet  finds  the  best  food  in  the  animals  he  captures.  He  lives  cheer- 
fully among  the  silent  snows,  or  in  dens  and  huts  warmed  and  lighted  by  animal  oil.  He 
also  adapts  himself  to  hot  regions,  where  he  needs  little  dress  to  cover  him  and  little  meat 
to  eat.  Here  he  feeds  on  the  fruitful  trees  and  plants  which  grow  wherever  rain  falls,  and 
makes  use  of  the  camel  and  llama  in  crossing  hot  or  rugged  wastes. 

The  animals,  too,  perform  their  duties.  The  shark  swims  the  ocean,  devouring  as 
it  goes,  while  the  hyena,  the  vulture,  and  the  lion  destroy  dead  and  living  animals  on  the 
land.  The  hippopotamus,  manatee,  and  crocodile  clear  the  warm  rivers  and  streams,  and 
many  different  animals  remove  the  leaves  of  rank  plants  and  trees. 

What  do  we  observe  in  all  this  ?  We  observe  the  wisdom  of  God  ;  and  we  think 
of  the  words  of  the  Bible  :• — 

"And  God  saw  every  thing  that  he  had  made,  and,  behold,  it  was  vert  good." 


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